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Topic Review
Smart Technologies for Sustainable Water Management
As projections highlight that half of the global population will be living in regions facing severe water scarcity by 2050, sustainable water management policies and practices are more imperative than ever. Following the Sustainable Development Goals for equitable water access and prudent use of natural resources, emerging digital technologies may foster efficient monitoring, control, optimization, and forecasting of freshwater consumption and pollution. Indicatively, the use of sensors, Internet of Things, machine learning, and big data analytics has been catalyzing smart water management.
  • 960
  • 20 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Steel Structural Property Correlation
The behaviour of plain carbon, as well as, structural steel is qualitatively different at different regimes of strain rates and temperature when they are subjected to hot-working and impact-loading conditions. Ambient temperature and carbon content are the leading factors governing the deformation behaviour and substructural evolution of these steels.
  • 960
  • 29 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Coastal Adaptation to Sea-Level Rise
The Earth’s climate is changing; ice sheets and glaciers are melting and coastal hazards and sea level are rising in response. With a total population of over 300 million people situated on coasts, including 20 of the planet’s 33 megacities (over 10 million people), low-lying coastal areas represent one of the most vulnerable areas to the impacts of climate change. The need to identify and implement adaptation solutions to the impacts of climate change in coastal zones is urgent. 
  • 959
  • 17 Aug 2021
Topic Review
The CFD Modeling of Solar Dish System
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is a powerful numerical analysis approach in solving various engineering and environment problems. It is a simulation technique that uses numerical equations and digital computers for iterative methods to model and to predict various heat, mass, and momentum transfer and fluid flow problems for the optimization of designs. Concentrated solar power (CSP) is a promising technology for harnessing and utilizing a clean and sustainable source of energy. CSP consists of a solar concentrator that collects and intensifies the heat energy from the Sun and a solar receiver that converts the heat generated to produce electrical energy.
  • 958
  • 13 May 2022
Topic Review
Ion Transport of Two-Dimensional Materials
Ion transport is one of the basic principles of the development of various different technologies that can improve the quality of our lives, such as the ever-growing importance of clean and sustainable energy, the reduction of water scarcity and even the improvement of fundamental medical application knowledge. Ion transport can be defined as the movement of charged ions from one position to another in ion electrolyte solutions within both organic (living cells) and inorganic (polymer materials) systems. Ion transport can be encouraged through various mechanisms such as electrochemical diffusion, ion active transport requiring external energy or bulk transport for the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and energy consumption in biological functions.
  • 958
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
A Practical Teaching Course of Protein Engineering
Proteins are the workhorses of the cell. With different combinations of the 20 common amino acids and some modifications of these amino acids, proteins have evolved with a staggering array of new functions and capabilities due to Protein Engineering techniques. The practical course presented was offered to undergraduate bioengineering and chemical students at the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto (Portugal) and consists of sequential laboratory sessions to learn the basic skills related to the expression and purification of recombinant proteins in bacterial hosts. These experiments were successfully applied by students as all working groups were able to isolate a model recombinant protein (the enhanced green fluorescent protein, eGFP) from a cell lysate containing a mixture of proteins and other biomolecules produced by an Escherichia coli strain and evaluate the performance of the extraction and purification procedures they learned.
  • 958
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
LoRaWAN Technology
Low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) technologies play a pivotal role in IoT applications, owing to their capability to meet the key IoT requirements (e.g., long range, low cost, small data volumes, massive device number, and low energy consumption). Between all obtainable LPWAN technologies, long-range wide-area network (LoRaWAN) technology has attracted much interest from both industry and academia due to networking autonomous architecture and an open standard specification. 
  • 958
  • 21 Jan 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Metal-Ion Batteries
Metal-ion batteries are systems for electrochemical energy conversion and storage with only one kind of ion shuttling between the negative and the positive electrode during discharge and charge. This concept also known as rocking-chair battery has been made highly popular with the lithium-ion battery as its most popular example. The principle can also be applied with other cations both mono- and multivalent. This might have implications and advantages in terms of increased safety, lower expenses, and utilizing materials, in particular metals, not being subject to resource limitations.
  • 957
  • 04 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Photovoltaic Systems (PVSs)
In a grid-connected photovoltaic system (PVS) synchronization and islanding detection techniques have to operate in coordination. Abnormal conditions can arise on the utility grid which require a prompt response from the PVS, hence the information provided by the synchronization system are fundamental for the grid voltage monitoring. The islanding detection techniques are based also on the information provided by the synchronization techniques and some islanding detection techniques require additional synchronization systems. Besides, after an islanding event, the PVS reconnection procedure has to be managed with two synchronization systems. For all these reasons synchronization and islanding detection issues have been analyzed together. 
  • 957
  • 13 Jul 2020
Topic Review
Detection of Viruses Using Electrochemical Biosensors
Electrochemical biosensors have tremendous potential for point-of-care virus detection due to their portability and simple detection methods. The main limitation of this method is its sensitivity. Numerous studies have been conducted in an attempt to enhance the key elements of electrochemical-based biosensing systems.
  • 957
  • 13 Sep 2022
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