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Topic Review
Graphene-based Membranes for H2 Separation
Hydrogen is an industrial gas that has showcased its importance in several well-known processes such as ammonia, methanol and steel productions, as well as in petrochemical industries. Besides, there is a growing interest in hydrogen production and purification owing to the global efforts to minimize the emission of greenhouse gases. Nevertheless, hydrogen which is produced synthetically is expected to contain other impurities and unreacted substituents (e.g., carbon dioxide, nitrogen and methane), such that subsequent purification steps are typically required for practical applications. In this context, membrane-based separation has attracted a vast amount of interest due to its desirable advantages over conventional separation processes, such as the ease of operation, low energy consumption and small plant footprint. Efforts have also been made for the development of high-performance membranes that can overcome the limitations of conventional polymer membranes. In particular, the studies on graphene-based membranes have been actively conducted most recently, showcasing outstanding hydrogen-separation performances.
  • 1.6K
  • 26 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Urban Water Consumption
Urban water (here referred as urban water consumption) is defined by European Environmental Agency as the water abstracted for urban purposes which include domestic uses (households), small industries, municipal services, and public gardening [EEA]. Over the last three decades, the increasing development of smart water meter trials and the rise of demand management has fostered the collection of water demand data at increasingly higher spatial and temporal resolutions, especially for the domestic sector (i.e., household water use). Counting these new datasets and more traditional aggregate water demand data, the literature is rich with heterogeneous urban water consumption datasets. They are characterized by heterogeneous spatial scales—from urban districts, to households or individual water fixtures—and temporal sampling frequencies—from seasonal/monthly up to sub-daily (minutes or seconds).  This entry is based on  the review paper "Urban Water Consumption at Multiple Spatial and Temporal Scales. A Review of Existing Datasets" by Di Mauro et al. 2021 The review analyzes 92 water demand datasets and 120 related peer-review publications compiled in the last 45 years. The reviewed datasets are classified and analyzed according to the following criteria: spatial scale, temporal scale, and dataset accessibility. This research effort builds an updated catalog of the existing water demand datasets to facilitate future research efforts end encourage the publication of open-access datasets in water demand modelling and management research.
  • 1.6K
  • 19 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Assisted GPS
Assisted GPS or Augmented GPS (abbreviated generally as A-GPS and less commonly as aGPS) is a system that often significantly improves the startup performance—i.e., time-to-first-fix (TTFF)—of a GPS satellite-based positioning system. A-GPS is extensively used with GPS-capable cellular phones, as its development was accelerated by the U.S. FCC's 911 requirement to make cell phone location data available to emergency call dispatchers.
  • 1.6K
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Safety and Barriers
The Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry is one of the most dangerous industries due to its unique nature. Safety is a critical issue in developed and developing countries.  Barriers that hinder the implementation of safety in projects and ways to improve safety performance was illustrated in this entry.
  • 1.6K
  • 20 Apr 2021
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Aircraft Icing Severity Evaluation
Aircraft icing refers to the ice buildup on the surface of an aircraft flying in icing conditions. The ice accretion on the aircraft alters the original aerodynamic configuration and degrades the aerodynamic performances and may lead to unsafe flight conditions. Evaluating the flow structure, icing mechanism and consequences is of great importance to the development of an anti/deicing technique. Studies have shown computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and machine learning (ML) to be effective in predicting the ice shape and icing severity under different flight conditions. CFD solves a set of partial differential equations to obtain the air flow fields, water droplets trajectories and ice shape. ML is a branch of artificial intelligence and, based on the data, the self-improved computer algorithms can be effective in finding the nonlinear mapping relationship between the input flight conditions and the output aircraft icing severity features.
  • 1.6K
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Additive Manufacturing
Additive manufacturing, which is also known as 3D printing, is an emerging and growing technology. It is providing significant innovations and improvements in many areas such as engineering, production, medicine, and more. 3D food printing is an area of great promise to provide an indulgence or entertaining experience, personalized food product, or specific nutritional needs. This entry reviews the additive manufacturing methods and materials in detail as well as their advantages and disadvantages. After a full discussion of 3D food printing, the reports on edible printed materials are briefly presented and discussed. In the end, the current and future outlook of additive manufacturing in the food industry is shown.
  • 1.6K
  • 09 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Friction Stir Welding
Friction stir welding is a method of materials processing that enables the joining of similar and dissimilar materials. The process, as originally designed by The Welding Institute (TWI), provides a unique approach to manufacturing—where materials can be joined in many designs and still retain mechanical properties that are similar to, or greater than, other forms of welding. This process is not free of defects that can alter, limit, and occasionally render the resulting weld unusable. 
  • 1.6K
  • 17 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Infra-red Search and Track
An infrared search and track (IRST) system (sometimes known as infrared sighting and tracking) is a method for detecting and tracking objects which give off infrared radiation (see Infrared signature) such as jet aircraft and helicopters. IRST is a generalized case of forward looking infrared (FLIR), i.e. from forward-looking to all-round situation awareness. Such systems are passive (thermographic camera), meaning they do not give out any radiation of their own, unlike radar. This gives them the advantage that they are difficult to detect. However, because the atmosphere attenuates infrared to some extent (although not as much as visible light) and because adverse weather can attenuate it also (again, not as badly as visible systems), the range compared to a radar is limited. Within range, angular resolution is better than radar due to the shorter wavelength.
  • 1.6K
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Durability of Foam Concrete
Foam concrete is a type of concrete that is produced by locking air voids in the mortar with the help of a suitable foaming agent and is classified as lightweight concrete. It has low self-weight, minimum aggregate consumption (no coarse aggregate is used), high fluidity, controlled low strength and thermal insulation. The properties of foam concrete are affected by the production method and the materials used. Unlike other porous lightweight concrete, prefabricated foams with foaming agents are added to fresh cement paste and mortar. The air pores brought by the foams constitute 10–90% by volume of the hardened body. This porous structure forms the basis of the mechanical properties, thermal conductivity, acoustic and durability properties of foam concrete. One of the advantages of foam concrete is its weight reduction (up to 80%) compared to conventional concrete. The air bubbles are evenly distributed in the foam concrete body. The pore structure may be affected during the mixing, transportation and placement of fresh concrete, so it should have fixed walls. Air bubbles range in size from approximately 0.1 to 1 mm. The density of foam concrete is mainly affected by the amount of foam and varies between 400 and 1600 kg/m3. It can be used for structural, partitioning, insulation and filling applications with excellent acoustic/thermal insulation, high fire resistance, lower raw material costs, easier pumping and finally no compaction, vibration or leveling.
  • 1.5K
  • 17 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Optimal Configuration of Solar Panel
In solar photovoltaic (PV) energy generation system, the term “photovoltaic” refers to a semiconductor-based device used to convert solar energy (sunlight) into electrical DC energy. To generate electricity, the solar PV generation system has become a mainstream option, especially for the communities who live in rural areas. Its market has vastly expanded in a short period, where according to Parikh, 70% of solar PV module manufacturing is accounted for by China.
  • 1.5K
  • 24 May 2021
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