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Topic Review
Nanomedicine for Pediatric Healthcare
Pediatrics is the field of medicine that centers on physical, social, and mental health from birth to the end of adolescence. Nanotechnology has received enthusiasm among the scientific community, particularly in medicine and pharmaceutical fields, due to its potential to incorporate diagnostic and treatment tools in the same nanocarrier, enhance targetability to specific organs, decrease toxicity, and potentially reduce treatment schedules. At the same time, it provides a tool to increase patient compliance, which is an essential task concerning the pediatric population.
  • 286
  • 20 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Microfluidic Approaches for Affinity-Based Exosome Separation
As a subspecies of extracellular vesicles (EVs), exosomes have provided promising results in diagnostic and theranostic applications in recent years. The nanometer-sized exosomes can be extracted by liquid biopsy from almost all body fluids, making them especially suitable for mainly non-invasive point-of-care (POC) applications. To achieve this, exosomes must first be separated from the respective biofluid. Impurities with similar properties, heterogeneity of exosome characteristics, and time-related biofouling complicate the separation. Due to the compactness of state-of-the-art methods available for the separation of exosomes, quick analysis time and portable form factor, these microfluidic devices are particularly suitable to deliver fast and reliable results for POC applications. For these devices, new manufacturing methods (e.g., laminating, replica molding and 3D printing) that use low-cost materials and do not require clean rooms are presented. Additionally, special flow routes and patterns that increase contact surfaces, as well as residence time, and thus improve affinity purification are displayed. 
  • 285
  • 25 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms of Immunoregulatory Function of DPSCs
Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) are mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from dental pulp tissue, which have high self-renewal ability and multi-lineage differentiation potential. With the discovery of the immunoregulatory ability of stem cells, DPSCs have attracted much attention because they have similar or even better immunomodulatory effects than MSCs from other sources. DPSCs and their exosomes can exert an immunomodulatory ability by acting on target immune cells to regulate cytokines. DPSCs can also migrate to the lesion site to differentiate into target cells to repair the injured tissue, and play an important role in tissue regeneration.
  • 285
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Therapies of the Immune-Mediated Kidney Diseases
Therapy of immune-mediated kidney diseases has evolved during recent decades from the non-specific use of corticosteroids and antiproliferative agents (like cyclophosphamide or azathioprine), towards the use of more specific drugs with measurable pharmacokinetics, like calcineurin inhibitors (cyclosporine A and tacrolimus) and mycophenolate mofetil, to the treatment with biologic drugs targeting detailed specific receptors, like rituximab, eculizumab or abatacept. Moreover, the data coming from a molecular science revealed that several drugs, which have been previously used exclusively to modify the upregulated adaptive immune system, may also exert a local effect on the kidney microstructure and ameliorate the functional instability of podocytes, reducing the leak of protein into the urinary space. The innate immune system also became a target of new therapies, as its specific role in different kidney diseases has been de novo defined. Current therapy of several immune kidney diseases may now be personalized, based on the detailed diagnostic procedures, including molecular tests. However, in most cases there is still a space for standard therapies based on variable protocols including usage of steroids with the steroid-sparing agents. They are used as a first-line treatment, while modern biologic agents are selected as further steps in cases of lack of the efficacy or toxicity of the basic therapies. In several clinical settings, the biologic drugs are effective as the add-on therapy. 
  • 281
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors
Information on absorption, metabolism and excretion of drugs is necessary to support the studies on their pharmacokinetics and potential drug–drug interactions. Moreover, the knowledge on drug metabolism is one of the crucial factors used to assess their pharmacokinetic profile in patients with some dysfunctions. It is especially important in diabetic patients with higher incidence of chronic liver and kidney problems.
  • 280
  • 27 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle-Mediated Drug Delivery in Breast Cancer
Breast cancer (BC) currently occupies the second rank in cancer-related global female deaths. Although consistent awareness and improved diagnosis have reduced mortality, late diagnosis and resistant response still limit the therapeutic efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs (CDs), leading to relapse with consequent invasion and metastasis. Treatment with CDs is indeed well-versed but it is badly curtailed with accompanying side effects and inadequacies of site-specific drug delivery. As a result, drug carriers ensuring stealth delivery and sustained drug release with improved pharmacokinetics and biodistribution are urgently needed. Core–shell mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNPs) have been a cornerstone in this context, attributed to their high surface area, low density, robust functionalization, high drug loading capacity, size–shape-controlled functioning, and homogeneous shell architecture, enabling stealth drug delivery.
  • 282
  • 02 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Immunomodulatory Properties of Nigella sativa Seed Extracts
For thousands of years till nowadays, Nigella sativa (NS) has served as a common spice and food preservative. Its seed extracts, seed oil, and essential oil in traditional medicine have been used to remedy many ailments such as headaches, fever, gastric complaints, and even rheumatism. In addition, the antibacterial, virucidal, fungicidal, and antiparasitic properties of NS are well known. However, studies on the possible immunomodulatory effects of black cumin are relatively scarce.
  • 280
  • 06 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Cyanobacterial Chemistry
Several cyanobacterial-derived compounds have been identified with noteworthy inhibitory activity against bacterial, fungal and protozoal growth, as well as viral replication. In addition to the potent cyanotoxins, cyanobacteria also produce a wealth of interesting compounds with therapeutic potential. Perhaps because of the well-established cytotoxicity of some cyanobacterial compounds, the greatest emphasis on cyanobacterial drug research to date has focused on compounds with anticancer activity. However, with the diversity of cyanobacterial compounds already identified, other therapeutic properties should not be neglected. In particular, cyanobacteria contain a wealth of peptides and lipopeptides (both linear and cyclic), as well as lectins, terpenoids and polyphenolic compounds.
  • 277
  • 25 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Treatment of  Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis refers to joint diseases of unclear etiology whose final stages can lead to unbearable pain and complete immobility of the affected joints. Modern treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs, including janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, and botanicals (polyphenols, glycosides, alkaloids, etc.) has achieved some success and hope for improving the course of the disease. 
  • 276
  • 30 Oct 2023
Topic Review
The Use of Deferiprone against COVID-19
Deferiprone (L1) is an EMA- and FDA-approved drug used worldwide for the treatment of iron overload and also other conditions where there are no effective treatments. The multi-potent effects and high safety record of L1 in iron loaded and non-iron loaded categories of patients suggests that L1 could be developed as a “magic bullet” drug against COVID-19 and diseases of similar symptomatology.
  • 275
  • 21 Jun 2022
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