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Topic Review
Seaweed Sulfated Polysaccharides
Seaweed sulfated polysaccharides (PSs) has wide therapeutic potential, including anticoagulant, thrombolytic, and fibrinolytic activities, opens up new possibilities for their study in experimental and clinical trials. These natural compounds can be important complementary drugs for the recovery from hemostasis disorders due to their natural origin, safety, and low cost compared to synthetic drugs.
  • 327
  • 07 May 2021
Topic Review
Fungal–Fungal Co-Culture for Discovery of New Secondary Metabolites
Fungi are an important and prolific source of secondary metabolites (SMs) with diverse chemical structures and a wide array of biological properties. Fungal–fungal co-culture is the major source of new SMs and consists of two types including liquid state fermentation (LSF) and solid state fermentation (SSF). Potato dextrose broth (PDB) and rice are the most common co-culture media for fungal LSF and SSF, respectively.
  • 327
  • 24 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Biologic Functions of Hydroxychloroquine in Disease
Chloroquine (CQ) and Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), initially utilized in the treatment of malaria, have developed a long list of applications. Despite their clinical relevance, their mechanisms of action are not clearly defined. Major pathways by which these agents are proposed to function include alkalinization of lysosomes and endosomes, downregulation of C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) expression, high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) inhibition, alteration of intracellular calcium, and prevention of thrombus formation. 
  • 325
  • 09 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Applications of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles in Cancer
Cancer is recognized as one of the world’s most deadly diseases in its different forms. In the field of nanotechnology, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) play a vital role with a wide range of diverse applications, namely drug delivery, clinical medicine, and cancer therapeutics. SLNs establish a significant role owing to their ability to encapsulate hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds, biocompatibility, ease of surface modification, scale-up feasibility, and possibilities of both active and passive targeting to various organs. In cancer therapy, SLNs have emerged as imminent nanocarriers for overcoming physiological barriers and multidrug resistance pathways.
  • 325
  • 03 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Clotting Dysfunction in Sepsis
Sepsis is regarded as one of the main causes of death among the critically ill. Pathogen infection results in a host-mediated pro-inflammatory response to fight infection; as part of this response, significant endogenous reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS) production occurs, instigated by a variety of sources, including activated inflammatory cells, such as neutrophils, platelets, and cells from the vascular endothelium. Inflammation can become an inappropriate self-sustaining and expansive process, resulting in sepsis. Patients with sepsis often exhibit loss of aspects for normal vascular homeostatic control, resulting in abnormal coagulation events and development of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Diagnosis and treatment of sepsis remains a significant challenge for health care providers globally. Targeting the drivers of excessive oxidative/nitrosative stress using antioxidant treatments might be a therapeutic option.
  • 324
  • 14 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Osteoporosis in Celiac Disease
Impaired bone mineral density (BMD) is a frequent complication of adult-onset celiac disease (CeD). This is usually due to malabsorption of nutrients, changes in bone metabolism in association with inflammation, and to a lesser extent, decreased overall physical health and mobility. Optimal dietary treatment and an adequate supply of calcium and vitamin D are the cornerstones for the reduction in fracture risk in patients with CeD. In adults with low BMD or fragility fractures, CeD needs to be considered and specifically approached. When osteoporosis is documented, start treatment with an antiresorptive agent; these agents are proven to result in a long-term reduction in fracture risk in high-risk individuals. In patients with persisting diarrhea and malabsorption, parenteral medications may be preferable.
  • 324
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Antipsychotic Development
While pharmacotherapy of depression appears to have moved from the monoamine hypothesis to more fertile grounds of glutamatergic and GABAergic mechanisms, it has been challenging to shift the antipsychotic paradigm beyond the dopaminergic hypothesis of schizophrenia. Efforts to develop non-dopaminergic antipsychotic medications (APMs) have produced negative results; thus, there has been no effective APM without dopamine involvement during 70 years of antipsychotic drug development.
  • 324
  • 28 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Trans-Regulatory KLF14 Gene
Krüpple-Like family of transcription factor-14 (KLF14) is a master trans-regulatory gene that has multiple biological regulatory functions and is involved in many pathological mechanisms. It controls the expressions of several other genes which are involved in multiple regulatory functions. 
  • 325
  • 28 Jun 2023
Topic Review
The Potential Role of Toll-like Receptors in Schizophrenia
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) ubiquitously expressed in the human body. They protect the brain and central nervous system from self and foreign antigens/pathogens. The immune response elicited by these receptors culminates in the release of cytokines, chemokines, and interferons causing an inflammatory response, which can be both beneficial and harmful to neurodevelopment. Such changes due to TLRs are shown to be associated with alterations in cognitive functions in various neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders, and schizophrenia is one such disorder where multiple genetic and environmental factors contribute to alterations associated with TLRs.
  • 324
  • 15 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Classification of Allosteric G-Protein-Coupled Receptors Regulators
Allosteric regulation is critical for the functioning of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and their signaling pathways. Endogenous allosteric regulators of GPCRs are simple ions, various biomolecules (lipids, amino acids, polypeptides, hormonal agents, etc.), and the peptide components of GPCR signaling. According to the ability to influence the basal and orthosteric/allosteric agonist-stimulated activity, the ligands of GPCR allosteric sites can be divided into the positive (PAM), negative (NAM), and silent (SAM) allosteric modulators, the allosteric full agonists, inverse agonists and neutral antagonists, as well as the allosteric regulators with the combined activity (ago-PAM, ago-NAM). 
  • 324
  • 19 Apr 2023
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