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Topic Review
Arbutin
Arbutin is a compound with a structure in which one molecule of D-glucose is bound to hydroquinone.
  • 1.6K
  • 18 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Neurogliovascular Unit and Cerebral-microvascular Disease
The distinctive anatomical assemble and functionally discrete multicellular cerebrovasculature dynamics confer varying rheological and blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeabilities to preserve the integrity of cerebral white matter and its neural microenvironment. This homeostasis intricately involves the neurogliovascular unit (NGVU) and glymphatic system that manages the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), interstitial fluids (ISF), metabolic waste, and clearance through the venous circulation. NGVU refers to the integration of neuronal structures, glial cells (including the microglial), and vasculature (i.e., capillaries, arteries, and/or arterioles) governed by the astrocytes.
  • 549
  • 16 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Medicinal-Plant Extracts against Chikungunya Virus
The lack of specific treatment for chikungunya fever makes the need for anti-chikungunya virus agents more crucial. This study was conducted to evaluate 132 extracts obtained by sequential solvent extraction from 21 medicinal plants for cytopathic effect inhibitory activity using virus-infected Vero cells in two different sample introduction modes. Among the extracts, 42 extracts (31.8%) from 12 plants in the concurrent mode and three extracts (2.3%) from a plant in the non-concurrent mode displayed strong cytopathic effect inhibitory activity (cell viability ≥70%). Viral load quantification analysis unveiled that the extracts of Clinacanthus nutans (chloroform, ethyl acetate, and ethanol), Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides (ethanol), and Ocimum americanum (ethanol and methanol) hindered the release of viral progeny from the infected cells while the extracts of Ficus deltoidea (ethanol), Gynura bicolor (water), H. sibthorpioides (water), and O. americanum (chloroform and ethyl acetate) blocked the entry of virus into the cells. The extracts of Diodella sarmentosa (ethyl acetate), Diplazium esculentum (chloroform, ethyl acetate, and ethanol), and G. bicolor (ethanol) possessed virucidal effect and caused 5.41-log to 6.63-log reductions of viral load compared to the virus control. The results indicate that these medicinal plants are potential sources of anti-chikungunya virus agents that have varied modes of action. 
  • 701
  • 16 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Anthocyanins and Chronic Diseases
Anthocyanins constitute a subclass of flavonoids with more than 700 structurally different anthocyanin derivatives of 27 aglycons identified. Anthocyanins are glucosides of the anthocyanidins (precursors of anthocyanins), which are derivatives via the phenylpropanoid pathway. Due to their multiple phenyl groups, anthocyanins are rarely found as aglycons (anthocyanidins).
  • 468
  • 13 Aug 2021
Topic Review
ALA against COVID-19-Induced Cardiovascular Diseases
Cardiovascular complications are rapidly emerging as a major peril in COVID-19 in addition to respiratory disease. The mechanisms underlying the excessive effect of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection on patients with cardiovascular comorbidities remain only partly understood. SARS-CoV-2 infection is caused by binding of the viral surface spike (S) protein to the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), followed by the activation of the S protein by transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2). ACE2 is expressed in the lung (mainly in type II alveolar cells), heart, blood vessels, small intestine, etc., and appears to be the predominant portal to the cellular entry of the virus. Based on current information, most people infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus have a good prognosis, while a few patients reach critical condition, especially the elderly and those with chronic underlying diseases. The “cytokine storm” observed in patients with severe COVID-19 contributes to the destruction of the endothelium, leading to “acute respiratory distress syndrome” (ARDS), multiorgan failure, and death. At the origin of the general proinflammatory state may be the SARS-CoV-2-mediated redox status in endothelial cells via the upregulation of ACE/Ang II/AT1 receptors pathway or the increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) production. Furthermore, this vicious circle between oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation induces endothelial dysfunction, endothelial senescence, high risk of thrombosis and coagulopathy. The microvascular dysfunction and the formation of microthrombi in a way differentiate the SARS-CoV-2 infection from the other respiratory diseases and bring it closer to cardiovascular diseases like myocardial infarction and stroke. Due the role played by OS in the evolution of viral infection and in the development of COVID-19 complications, the use of antioxidants as adjuvant therapy seems appropriate in this new pathology. Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) could be a promising candidate that, through its wide tissue distribution and versatile antioxidant properties, interferes with several signaling pathways.
  • 813
  • 12 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Natural-Drugs-Based Low-Molecular-Weight Supramolecular Gels
The utilization of paclitaxel, camptothecin, rhein, curcumin, and other natural small molecular drugs with unique rigid backbone structures and modifiable multiple sites as building blocks to form gels by self-assembly has attracted widespread attention. The obtained low-molecular-weight supramolecular gel not only retains the general characteristics of the gel but also overcomes the shortcomings of natural drugs, such as poor water solubility and low bioavailability.
  • 985
  • 12 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Aronia Melanocarpa Products
Due to factors such as cultivar, fertilization, maturation or climate conditions, as well as the date of their harvest, chokeberries (Aronia melanocarpa) differ in their content of minerals, vitamins, carbohydrates, amino acids, organic acids, fats, aroma compounds and especially polyphenols, substances exerting a beneficial impact on health. 
  • 654
  • 12 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Lipophilic Polyamines
Gene therapy requires an effective and safe delivery vehicle for nucleic acids. Non-viral vehicles, including cationic liposomes, are intensively developed now. The structure of compounds composing them determines the delivery efficiency a lot. This review focuses on polycationic amphiphiles as prospective compounds for liposomal formulations and includes a discussion of the mutual influence of structural components. 
  • 512
  • 11 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Monoclonal Antibodies Targeting CGRP
Now more than ever is the time of monoclonal antibody use in neurology. In headaches, disease-specific and mechanism-based treatments existed only for symptomatic management of migraines (i.e., triptans), while the standard prophylactic anti-migraine treatments consist of non-specific and repurposed drugs that share limited safety profiles and high risk for interactions with other medications, resulting in rundown adherence rates. Recent advances in headache science have increased our understanding of the role of calcitonin gene relate peptide (CGRP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) pathways in cephalic pain neurotransmission and peripheral or central sensitization, leading to the development of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) or small molecules targeting these neuropeptides or their receptors. Large scale randomized clinical trials confirmed that inhibition of the CGRP system attenuates migraine, while the PACAP mediated nociception is still under scientific and clinical investigation.
  • 350
  • 10 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Thin-Layer Chromatography Bioautography
Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) bioautography is a methodological technique that integrates the separation and analysis technology of TLC with biological activity detection technology, which is used to isolate, locate and evaluate the active constituents of natural creatures based on the guidance of activity.
  • 1.6K
  • 06 Aug 2021
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