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Topic Review
Flavanols and Methylxanthines in Cocoa
Despite the health benefits associated with the ingestion of the bioactive compounds in cocoa, the high concentrations of polyphenols and methylxanthines in the raw cocoa beans negatively influence the taste, confer the astringency and bitterness, and affect the stability and digestibility of the cocoa products. It is, therefore, necessary to process cocoa beans to develop the characteristic color, taste, and flavor, and reduce the astringency and bitterness, which are desirable in cocoa products. 
  • 598
  • 08 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP)
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is an extremely rare heritable disorder of connective tissues characterized by progressive heterotopic ossification in various skeletal sites.
  • 798
  • 28 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Fexinidazole: All-Oral Therapy for Human African Trypanosomiasis
Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT or ‘sleeping sickness’) is a neglected tropical disease. If untreated, it is always fatal and leads to death. A few treatments are available for HAT, but most of them require a skilled professional, which increases the financial burden on the patient. Recently, fexinidazole (FEX) has been approved by the European Medicine Agency (EMA) and the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) as the first all-oral therapy for the treatment of stage-1 (hemolymphatic) as well as stage-2 (meningoencephalitic) of HAT. Before the FEX approval, there were separate treatments for stage-1 and stage-2 of HAT. 
  • 532
  • 25 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Ferulic Acid in Animal Models of Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease with a high incidence in the elderly. Many preclinical studies show that a natural product, ferulic acid (FA), displays neuroprotective effects in AD models. 
  • 560
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Fenretinide in Cancer and Neurological Disease
Cancer and neurodegeneration share leadership as causes of morbidity and death worldwide. They can be thought as disease mechanisms at opposite ends: while in neurodegeneration, induction of inflammatory genes and suppression of cell-cycle genes are the prominent signals; the opposite happens in cancer. Fenretinide (all-trans-N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide, 4-HPR) is a synthetic derivative of all-trans-retinoic acid initially proposed in anticancer therapy for its antitumor effects combined with limited toxicity. It is also studied in many other diseases for its ability to influence several biological pathways and provide a broad spectrum of pharmacological effects.
  • 529
  • 18 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Fatty Acid Ethanolamides and Receptors
Oleoylethanolamide and palmitoylethanolamide are members of the fatty acid ethanolamide family, also known as acylethanolamides. Their physiological effects, including glucose homeostasis, anti-inflammation, anti-anaphylactic, analgesia, and hypophagia, have been reported. They have affinity for different receptor proteins, including nuclear receptors such as PPARα, channels such as TRPV1, and membrane receptors such as GPR119 and GPR55. In the present review, the pathophysiological functions of fatty acid ethanolamides have been discussed from the perspective of receptor pharmacology and drug discovery.
  • 425
  • 30 Apr 2021
Topic Review
FAK as Promising Cancer Therapy
FAK is an intracellular non-receptor tyrosine kinase that promotes tumor cell growth by controlling cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and survival. Therefore, targeting FAK is considered to be a promising cancer therapy with small molecules.
  • 750
  • 03 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Factors Associated with Cancer Metastasis
There are many factors related to cancer metastasis, including angiogenesis, epithelial mesenchymal transition, cancer stem cells, tumor microenvironment, inflammation, genetic and epigenetic factors and extracellular vehicles.
  • 351
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Factors Affecting Vitamin C Pharmacokinetics
The pharmacokinetics of vitamin C (vitC) is highly complex. Regulated primarily by a family of saturable sodium dependent vitC transporters (SVCTs), both the absorption and elimination phases display high dose-dependency. Also, tissue specific expression of SVCT subtypes result in a diverse distribution pattern with organ concentrations of vitC at homeostasis ranging from about 0.2 mM up to 10 mM. Unfortunately, the complex pharmacokinetics of vitC has often been overlooked in the design of human intervention studies, giving rise to misinterpretations and erroneous conclusions.
  • 529
  • 23 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Factors Affecting Hair Health
Hair health is associated with personal distress and psychological well-being. Even though hair loss (alopecia) does not affect humans’ biological health, it affects an individual’s social well-being. So, treatment for hair problems and improving hair health are obligatory. 
  • 3.4K
  • 07 Feb 2023
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