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Topic Review
Supramolecules in Traditional Chinese Medicine Decoction
The chemical components of traditional Chinese medicine have various sources and unique structures. During the high-temperature boiling process, various active components form supramolecules due to complex interactions. The supramolecular structure in a traditional Chinese medicine decoction can not only be used as a drug carrier to promote the absorption and distribution of medicinal components but may also have biological activities superior to those of single active ingredients or their physical mixtures. 
  • 376
  • 10 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Effects of Statins on Cancer via Autophagy
Cancer is one of the main causes of death globally. Most of the molecular mechanisms underlying cancer are marked by complex aberrations that activate the critical cell-signaling pathways that play a pivotal role in cell metabolism, tumor development, cytoskeletal reorganization, and metastasis. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase-B/mammalian target of the rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR) pathway is one of the main signaling pathways involved in carcinogenesis and metastasis. Autophagy, a cellular pathway that delivers cytoplasmic components to lysosomes for degradation, plays a dual role in cancer, as either a tumor promoter or a tumor suppressor, depending on the stage of the carcinogenesis. Statins are the group of drugs of choice to lower the level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in the blood. Experimental and clinical data suggest the potential of statins in the treatment of cancer. In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated the molecular mechanisms through which statins inhibit the proliferation and metastasis of cancer cells in different types of cancer. The anticancer properties of statins have been shown to result in the suppression of tumor growth, the induction of apoptosis, and autophagy.
  • 750
  • 09 Jun 2022
Topic Review
New Therapeutical Approaches for COVID-19
The pandemic of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) stimulated an unprecedented international collaborative effort for rapid diagnosis, epidemiologic surveillance, clinical management, prevention, and treatment. Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, treatment of the SARS-CoV-2 infection was a real challenge. An overview of the viral structure and life cycle of SARS-CoV-2 is given and future therapeutical options are discussed.
  • 509
  • 08 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Antibiotics in Avian Species
Bacterial infections are commonly diagnosed and treated with antibiotics in the avian species. Infected birds can spread zoonotic diseases such as influenza, psittacosis, pasteurellosis, and campylobacteriosis to humans, especially if they are in close contact with them, such as pet-owner settings, zoos, or pet shops. The elimination of bacterial infections in birds is therefore important for both human and avian health.
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Jun 2022
Topic Review
α-Synuclein Phosphorylation and Its Kinases
α-Synuclein is a protein with a molecular weight of 14.5 kDa and consists of 140 amino acids encoded by the SNCA gene. Missense mutations and gene duplications in the SNCA gene cause hereditary Parkinson’s disease. Highly phosphorylated and abnormally aggregated α-synuclein is a major component of Lewy bodies found in neuronal cells of patients with sporadic Parkinson’s disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and glial cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in oligodendrocytes with multiple system atrophy. Aggregated α-synuclein is cytotoxic and plays a central role in the pathogenesis of the above-mentioned synucleinopathies. In a healthy brain, most α-synuclein is unphosphorylated; however, more than 90% of abnormally aggregated α-synuclein in Lewy bodies of patients with Parkinson’s disease is phosphorylated at Ser129, which is presumed to be of pathological significance. Several kinases catalyze Ser129 phosphorylation, but the role of phosphorylation enzymes in disease pathogenesis and their relationship to cellular toxicity from phosphorylation are not fully understood in α-synucleinopathy. G-protein-coupled receptor kinases, casein kinase II, and polo-like kinase possess the ability to phosphorylate α-synuclein protein. On this point, inhibition of these kinases is able to prevent α-synuclein phosphorylation, which indicates the potential therapeutic targets and availability of drug development for α-synucleinopathies. α-Synuclein phosphorylation can clinically be an accompanying event in the brains of patients with Parkinson’s disease rather than the critical factor for α-synuclein aggregation and toxicity. Nevertheless, increasing phosphorylated α-synuclein and the accumulation with disease progression is useful as a therapeutic target and biomarker.
  • 512
  • 08 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Neurological Diseases and Their Biomarkers
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are disorders that affect both the central and peripheral nervous systems. To name a few causes, NDDs can be caused by ischemia, oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) cell stress, inflammation, abnormal protein deposition in neural tissue, autoimmune-mediated neuron loss, and viral or prion infections.
  • 503
  • 07 Jun 2022
Topic Review
The Coming of Age of Biosimilars: Perspective
The first biosimilar, Sandoz’s Omnitrope (human growth hormone), was approved in 2006 by both the FDA and EMA; it was approved by the FDA under the 505(b)(2) generic product legislation and by the EU as a biosimilar. Later, Sandoz received the first licensing of Zarzio/Zarxio (filgrastim) in 2015; this was the first biosimilar product approved under the 351(k) BLA legislation in the US Many firsts were to follow in the US: the first mAb (bevacizumab), the first pegylated cytokine (pegfilgrastim), the first ophthalmic biosimilar (ranibizumab), and the first two interchangeable biosimilars (insulin glargine and adalimumab). The US also approved the first biosimilars without clinical efficacy testing (filgrastim, pegfilgrastim, and erythropoietin alfa).
  • 833
  • 02 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Mechanisms of Resistance to Gemcitabine
Gemcitabine is still the standard-of-care chemotherapeutic drug for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). However, the response rate is quite low. There are multiple mechanisms and participants in gemcitabine resistance.
  • 855
  • 01 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Potential Therapeutic Targets for TNBC Therapy
TNBC exhibits high heterogeneity, which is the major limitation of chemotherapy. Also, TNBC is regarded as an aggressive type of cancer that grows faster and metastasizes to the brain and visceral organs, providing a much shorter average survival time of about 12 months to patients suffering from advanced TNBC. Therefore, the recognition of definitive targets, for providing efficient treatment against TNBC, becomes a noteworthy task.
  • 334
  • 31 May 2022
Topic Review
Psycho-Neuro-Endocrine-Immune Basis of the Placebo Effect
The placebo effect can be defined as the improvement of symptoms in a patient after the administration of an innocuous substance in a context that induces expectations regarding its effects. During recent years, it has been discovered that the placebo response not only has neurobiological functions on analgesia, but that it is also capable of generating effects on the immune and endocrine systems. Beyond studies about its mechanism of action, the placebo effect has proved to be useful in the clinical setting with promising results in the management of neurological, psychiatric, and immunologic disorders. However, more research is needed to better characterize its potential use. 
  • 772
  • 31 May 2022
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