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Topic Review
Beta Cell Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes
Traditionally a disease of adults, type 2 diabetes (T2D) has been increasingly diagnosed in youth, particularly among adolescents and young adults of minority ethnic groups. Especially, during the recent COVID-19 pandemic, obesity and prediabetes have surged not only in minority ethnic groups but also in the general population, further raising T2D risk. Regarding its pathogenesis, a gradually increasing insulin resistance due to central adiposity combined with a progressively defective β-cell function are the main culprits. Especially in youth-onset T2D, a rapid β-cell activity decline has been observed, leading to higher treatment failure rates, and early complications. In addition, it is well established that both the quantity and quality of food ingested by individuals play a key role in T2D pathogenesis. A chronic imbalance between caloric intake and expenditure together with impaired micronutrient intake can lead to obesity and insulin resistance on one hand, and β-cell failure and defective insulin production on the other.
  • 142
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review
Bioactive Factors in Human Breastmilk
Maternal milk, a complex fluid with several bioactive factors, is the best option for the newborn. Its dynamic composition is influenced by diverse factors such as maternal age, lactation period, and health status. 
  • 425
  • 11 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Bioavailability of Mature miRNAs in Digestive System
The endogenous miRNAs of breast milk are the products of more than 1000 nonprotein-coding genes, giving rise to mature small regulatory molecules of 19–25 nucleotides. They are incorporated in macromolecular complexes, loaded on Argonaute proteins, sequestrated in exosomes and lipid complexes, or present in exfoliated cells of epithelial, endothelial, or immune origins. Their expression is dependent on the stage of lactation; however, their detection depends on progress in RNA sequencing and the reappraisal of the definition of small RNAs. Some miRNAs from plants are detected in breast milk, opening the possibility of the stimulation of immune cells from the allergy repertoire. Each miRNA harbors a seeding sequence, which targets mRNAs, gene promoters, or long noncoding RNAs. Their activities depend on their bioavailability. Efficient doses of miRNAs are estimated to be roughly 100 molecules in the cytoplasm of target cells from in vitro and in vivo experiments. Each miRNA is included in networks of stimulation/inhibition/sequestration, driving the expression of cellular phenotypes. Three types of stress applied during lactation to manipulate miRNA supply were explored using rodent offspring: a foster mother, a cafeteria diet, and early weaning.
  • 197
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Biochemical Investigations of Autism Spectrum Disorders
The main biochemical mechanisms proposed in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) include mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, impaired methylation capacity, and altered amino acid metabolism.
  • 255
  • 25 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Biofilm Infections in the Neonatal Intensive Care Units
Neonatal sepsis is an important cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. A significant proportion of bacteria causing neonatal sepsis is resistant to multiple antibiotics, not only to the usual empirical first-line regimens, but also to second- and third-line antibiotics in many neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). NICUs have unique antimicrobial stewardship goals.
  • 224
  • 23 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Blood Transfusion Donor Sex Influences Newborn Outcomes
The risk of both short- and long-term mortality increases with each red blood cell (RBC) transfusion exposure in critically ill patients. In the extremely preterm newborn, one of the most heavily transfused patient groups, observational data has proposed that the association between RBC transfusion and adverse neonatal outcomes may be influenced by donor sex, although the data remains limited.
  • 317
  • 27 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Blount’s Disease
Blount’s disease is an idiopathic developmental abnormality affecting the medial proximal tibia physis resulting in a multi-planar deformity with pronounced tibia varus. A single cause is unknown, and it is currently thought to result from a multifactorial combination of hereditary, mechanical, and developmental factors.
  • 636
  • 27 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Breastfeeding and Vitamin D in Preventing Childhood Infections
Human milk is the best food for infants. Breastfeeding has been associated with a reduced risk of viral and bacterial infections. Breast milk contains the perfect amount of nutrients needed to promote infant growth, except for vitamin D. Vitamin D is crucial for calcium metabolism and bone health, and it also has extra-skeletal actions, involving innate and adaptive immunity. As exclusive breastfeeding is a risk factor for vitamin D deficiency, infants should be supplemented with vitamin D at least during the first year. The promotion of breastfeeding and vitamin D supplementation represents an important objective of public health. 
  • 439
  • 09 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Butterflies and Ribbons in Multiple Gestation
In neonatology, multiple pregnancies are common. Unfortunately, it is not rare for one baby to die. Communication with parents in these circumstances has been demonstrated to be sub-optimal. Formal training programs for clinicians in NICUs, using either the Butterfly or Ribbon approaches, should be routinely offered. 
  • 194
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Cardiovascular Risk Associated with Sleep Respiratory Disorders
Exposure to risk factors in youth can exacerbate the development of future cardiovascular disease (CVD). Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), characterized by repetitive episodes of airway obstructions, could trigger said CVD acting as a modifiable risk factor. Measurements from echocardiography have shown impairments in the anatomy and function of the heart related to the severity of OSA.
  • 91
  • 21 Feb 2024
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