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Topic Review
Whole Goat Milk Formula
Whole goat milk can be used as a source of protein, fat and lactose to manufacture infant, follow-on and young child formulas. The use of whole goat milk without adjustment of the whey:casein ratio results in a formula with an average of 50% of its lipids from goat milk fat, supplying palmitic acid (including at the sn-2 position), short and medium chain fatty acids, milk fat globule membrane and cholesterol.
  • 800
  • 24 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy
Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is an important cause of mortality and morbidity in the perinatal period. This condition results from a period of ischemia and hypoxia to the brain of neonates, leading to several disorders that profoundly affect the daily life of patients and their families. Currently, therapeutic hypothermia (TH) is the standard of care in developing countries; however, TH is not always effective, especially in severe cases of HIE. Addressing this concern, several preclinical studies assessed the potential of stem cell therapy (SCT) for HIE.
  • 776
  • 12 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Superficial Spindle Cell Mesenchymal Tumors
Superficial spindle cell mesenchymal tumors form a diverse group of lesions with benign and malignant entities that are often very similar clinically and/or histologically. In children, the patient’s age; the lesion site; the presentation as a mass, nodule, or plaque; and the location in the dermis or subcutis are important features that will guide the dermatologist and the pathologist.
  • 773
  • 02 Oct 2021
Topic Review
MTOR
The mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) system regulates various cellular functions, such as growth, proliferation, metabolism and survival/death. In systemic organs, it is critically involved in multiple processes, including neurogenesis, nutrition and immunity. In the brain, its roles are essential in the cerebral cortical development, synaptic functions, and brain activities such as learning, cognition and social functions.
  • 742
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Pediatric Asthma
Asthma in children remains a significant public health challenge affecting 5–20% of children in Europe and is associated with increased morbidity and societal healthcare costs. 
  • 728
  • 26 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia in Japan
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is an inherited disorder caused by the absence or severely impaired activity of steroidogenic enzymes involved in cortisol biosynthesis. More than 90% of cases result from 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21OHD). To prevent life-threatening adrenal crisis and to help perform appropriate sex assignments for affected female patients, newborn screening (NBS) programs for the classical form of CAH have been introduced in numerous countries.
  • 716
  • 30 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Extreme Birth Weight and Metabolic Syndrome in Children
Small and large birth weights (BWs) for gestational age (GA) represent extremes, but the correlation between extreme BW and metabolic syndrome (MetS) has not been fully elucidated. 
  • 697
  • 15 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Acute Heart Failure Syndrome
A working definition of heart failure (HF) in children is “a progressive clinical and pathophysiological syndrome caused by cardiovascular and noncardiovascular abnormalities that results in characteristic signs and symptoms including edema, respiratory distress, growth failure, and exercise intolerance and accompanied by circulatory, neurohormonal, and molecular derangements”.
  • 692
  • 17 May 2021
Topic Review
Headache
Headaches are common complaints in children. The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition (beta version), defines more than 280 types of headaches. Primary headaches refer to independent conditions that cause pain and include migraine, tension-type headaches (TTH) and trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias (TACs). Several agents are involved in the pathogenesis of headaches. The factors associated with predisposition to atherosclerosis seem to be particularly important from the clinical point of view. The influence of obesity on the incidence of headaches has been well established. Moreover, idiopathic headaches, especially migraine, are thought to be one of the first signs of disorders in lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis. The risk of migraine increases with increasing obesity in children. Another factor that seems to be involved in both obesity and headaches is the adiponectin level.This review presents the current knowledge on the relationship between obesity and adiponectin and primary headaches.
  • 685
  • 24 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Dietary Interventions in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in childhood, affecting ~7% of children and adolescents. Specific dietary interventions have been proposed as coadjuvant treatments in this disorder. These include nutritional supplements with vitamins, minerals, and polyunsaturated fatty acids; microbiome-targeted interventions with pre-, pro-, and synbiotics; and specific diets such as restriction or elimination diets. Regarding nutritional supplements, only vitamin D and vitamin D + magnesium appear to improve ADHD symptoms when baseline levels of vitamin D are insufficient/deficient. As for biotics, evidence has only been found for Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and for multi-species probiotic supplementation. Elimination diets have scarce evidence and lead to nutritional deficiencies, so caution is advised.
  • 676
  • 30 Nov 2022
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