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Topic Review
Bladder Cancer Biomarkers
The high occurrence of bladder cancer and its tendency to recur combined with lifelong surveillance make the treatment of superficial bladder cancer one of the most expensive and time-consuming. Moreover, carcinoma in situ often leads to muscle invasion with an unfavourable prognosis. Currently, invasive methods including cystoscopy and cytology remain a gold standard. The aim is to find biomarkers with the best specificity and sensitivity, allowing the treatment plan to optimise and have potential applications in clinical practice. Such non-invasive methods can be measure in human body fluids, for example, urine or serum: Cytokeratin fragments (CYFRA 21.1), Excision Repair Cross-Complementation 1 (ERCC1), Tumour Protein p53 (Tp53), Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 3 (FGFR3), Tumor-Associated Trypsin Inhibitor (TATI).
  • 2.2K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Exploiting Proteotoxic Stress in Cancer
Cancer cells typically have elevated proteotoxic stress as a result of genomic instability. The disruption of protein homeostasis causes endoplasmic reticulum stress. If not promptly managed, it could lead to a global decline in cellular function and eventual cell death[1]. This summary of review explores different protein quality control pathways and the translation of drugs targeting proteotoxic stress in haematologic cancers (using multiple myeloma as an example) versus solid cancers (using Triple Negative Breast Cancer as an example).
  • 2.2K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Colorectal Cancer Development
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a disorder that occurs exclusively in the colon or rectum and is caused by the colon’s aberrant proliferation of glandular epithelial cells.
  • 2.1K
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Salvage Surgery
The representative surgical intervention for unresectable stage III/IV NSCLC is salvage surgery, which refers to surgical treatment for local residual/recurrent lesions after definitive non-surgical treatment. Surgical intervention is also used for an oligometastatic stage IV NSCLC. 
  • 2.1K
  • 29 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Therapeutic Implications of Tumour Microenvironment
The tumour microenvironment (TME) comprises a complex ecosystem of different cell types, including immune cells, cells of the vasculature and lymphatic system, cancer-associated fibroblasts, pericytes, and adipocytes. Cancer proliferation, invasion, metastasis, drug resistance and immune escape are all influenced by the dynamic interaction between cancer cells and TME. Microbes, such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, archaea and protists, found within tumour tissues, constitute the intratumour microbiota, which is tumour type-specific and distinct among patients with different clinical outcomes. Growing evidence reveals a significant relevance of local microbiota in the colon, liver, breast, lung, oral cavity and pancreas carcinogenesis. Moreover, there is a growing interest in the tumour immune microenvironment (TIME) pointed out in several cross-sectional studies on the correlation between microbiota and TME. It is now known that microorganisms have the capacity to change the density and function of anticancer and suppressive immune cells, enabling the promotion of an inflammatory environment. As immunotherapy (such as immune checkpoint inhibitors) is becoming a promising therapy using TIME as a therapeutic target, the analysis and comprehension of local microbiota and its modulating strategies can help improve cancer treatments. 
  • 2.0K
  • 22 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Secondary Marine Metabolites
Secondary marine metabolites are defined as molecules with a molecular weight ranging between 100 to 1000 Da and, unlike primary marine metabolites, are often found to be unique to an organism or a specific taxonomic group of the marine source. Other than marine macroorganisms such as algae, sponges, or corals, specifically marine fungi and bacteria have shown to produce novel secondary metabolites with unique as well as diverse chemical structures that may hold the key for developing novel drugs or drug leads. Secondary marine metabolites have been found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms, with unicellular bacteria (e.g., Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp.), eukaryotic fungi (e.g., Penicillium sp., Aspergillus sp.), filamentous actinomyces (e.g., Streptomyces sp.), and terrestrial plants being the most frequently studied and versatile producers. A potential clarification why organisms produce a high assortment of bioactive secondary marine metabolites is that these molecules furnish producers with a specific advantage against competing organisms and, furthermore, act as an adaptation to ecological conditions.
  • 2.0K
  • 30 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Notch Signaling Function in Angiogenesis
The Notch signaling pathway is a major regulator of vascular morphogenesis, managing endothelial response to vascular growth factors, endothelial specialization, establishment and maintenance of vascular identity as venous or arterial and vascular maturation.
  • 1.9K
  • 03 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Apple Bioactive Compounds
Population studies have associated a diet high in fruits to lower incidence of cancer. Specifically, research shows that secondary plant metabolites known as phytochemicals, which are commonly found in fruits, have onco-preventive and chemo-protective effects. Apple is a commonly consumed fruit worldwide that is available all year round and is a rich source of phytochemicals. The health benefits of apples are thought to be mainly due to their phytochemical composition. Additionally, apple consumption is associated with lower incidence of some cancers based on animal and cell culture studies.
  • 1.9K
  • 30 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Natural products as Ras inhibitors
RAS genes encode signaling proteins, which, in mammalian cells, act as molecular switches regulating critical cellular processes as proliferation, growth, differentiation, survival, motility, and metabolism in response to specific stimuli. Deregulation of Ras functions has a high impact on human health: gain-of-function point mutations in RAS genes are found in some developmental disorders and thirty percent of all human cancers, including the deadliest. For this reason, the pathogenic Ras variants represent important clinical targets against which to develop novel, effective, and possibly selective pharmacological inhibitors.  Few druggable sites have been identified for wild type and some oncogenic Ras mutants, and few natural compounds able to attenuate Ras signaling have been identified so far. Natural products represent a virtually unlimited resource of structurally different compounds from which one could draw on for this purpose, given the improvements in the isolation and screening of active molecules from complex sources, which can now be exploited for the selection of potential Ras inhibitors from natural sources. 
  • 1.9K
  • 09 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Antibody Conjugated Polymeric Nanoparticles
Nanoparticles (NPs) are promising drug delivery systems (DDS) for identifying and treating cancer. Active targeting NPs can be generated by conjugation with ligands that bind overexpressed or mutant cell surface receptors on target cells that are poorly or not even expressed on normal cells. Receptor-mediated endocytosis of the NPs occurs and the drug is released inside the cell or in the surrounding tissue due to the bystander effect. Antibodies are the most frequently used ligands to actively target tumor cells. In this context, antibody-based therapies have been extensively used in HER2+ breast cancer.
  • 1.9K
  • 29 Oct 2020
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