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Topic Review
3D Printing in Ophthalmology
Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a process in which materials are added together in a layer-by-layer manner to construct customized products. Many different techniques of 3D printing exist, which vary in materials used, cost, advantages, and drawbacks. Medicine is increasingly benefiting from this transformative technology, and the field of ophthalmology is no exception. The possible 3D printing applications in eyecare are vast and have been explored in the literature, such as 3D-printed ocular prosthetics, orbital implants, educational and anatomical models, as well as surgical planning and training. 
  • 103
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
A Brief Clinical Overview of Retinitis Pigmentosa
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a hereditary disease that causes the degeneration of photoreceptor cells in the retina, starting with the rods, leading to a gradual loss of vision over time. RP is the most common type of inherited retinal dystrophy and affects over 1.5 million people worldwide, leading to a high burden on patients and society. Common symptoms of RP include nyctalopia and gradual loss of peripheral vision, which can ultimately lead to blindness. RP is one of the primary causes of visual disability and blindness in individuals under 60 years old.
  • 368
  • 12 May 2023
Topic Review
Acanthamoeba Keratitis
AK is relatively rare among corneal infections, with an estimated prevalence of 1–9 cases per 100,000. However, in Western countries, the incidence of AK has been steadily rising in direct correlation with contact lens wearing, which is the predominant risk factor.
  • 574
  • 29 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Activity-Dependent Neuroprotective Protein in the Eye
Activity-dependent protein (ADNP) is a neuroprotective protein of 123.56 kDa molecular weight, widely expressed throughout the body, including the eye. Morphological and proteomic studies showed that ADNP is distributed in the retina and cornea of different species, including humans. ADNP was originally discovered as an astroglial secreted protein, able to modulate the neurotrophic/neuroprotective activity of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), as well as of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP). PACAP and VIP perform their effects through the activation of G protein-coupled receptors, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide receptor type 1 (PAC1R), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor 1 (VPAC1R), and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor 2 (VPAC2R). In particular, the PAC1 receptor shows eight different splice variants (Null, Hip, Hop1, Hop2, Hiphop1, Hiphop2, short, and very short isoforms), whose activation by the binding to PACAP/VIP activates phospholipase C (PLC) and adenylate cyclase (AC), or calcium-regulated mechanisms. It is worth noting that a subpicomolar concentration of PACAP stimulated ADNP expression mainly through the MAPK signaling pathway and cAMP-dependent protein kinase activation. Both VIP and PACAP showed important protective effects against different ocular diseases. 
  • 308
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Adipose Stem Cells in Modern-Day Ophthalmology
Stem cells (SCs) have evolved as an interesting and viable factor in ophthalmologic patient care in the past decades. SCs have been classified as either embryonic, mesenchymal, tissue-specific, or induced pluripotent cells. Multiple novel management techniques and clinical trials have been established to date. While available publications are predominantly animal-model-based, significant material is derived from human studies and case-selected scenarios. This possibility of explanting cells from viable tissue to regenerate/repair damaged tissue points to an exciting future of therapeutic options in all fields of medicine, and ophthalmology is surely not left out. Adipose tissue obtained from lipo-aspirates has been shown to produce mesenchymal SCs that are potentially useful in different body parts, including the oculo-visual system.
  • 205
  • 18 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Adipose-Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Therapy for Retinal Diseases
With the rapid development of stem cell research in modern times, stem cell-based therapy has opened a new era of tissue regeneration, becoming one of the most promising strategies for currently untreatable retinal diseases. Among the various sources of stem cells, adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) have emerged as a promising therapeutic modality due to their characteristics and multiple functions, which include immunoregulation, anti-apoptosis of neurons, cytokine and growth factor secretion, and antioxidative activities. ADSCs can facilitate the replacement of dying cells, promote tissue remodeling and regeneration, and support the survival and growth of retinal cells. 
  • 100
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Advanced DDS for Delivering Anti-VEGF Agents
The treatment of posterior segment eye diseases is challenging due to the complex anatomy of the eye, which limits the effective delivery of medications. Conventional treatments such as topical eye drops and intravitreal injections have poor bioavailability and short residence time, requiring frequent dosing. Biodegradable nano-based drug delivery systems (DDSs) offer a potential solution to these limitations, with longer residence time in ocular tissues and better penetration through ocular barriers. These DDSs use biodegradable polymers that are nanosized, reducing the risk of toxicity and adverse reactions.
  • 639
  • 12 May 2023
Topic Review
Advanced Drug Delivery for Treating Sjögren’s Dry Eye
Sjögren’s syndrome is a chronic and insidious autoimmune disease characterized by lymphocyte infiltration of exocrine glands. Patients typically present with dry eye (keratoconjunctivitis sicca), dry mouth (xerostomia), and other systemic manifestations. The current management for Sjögren's syndrome dry eye (SSDE) has been ineffective as it only targets ocular surface inflammation and dryness without addressing the specific disease process. Ophthalmologists often adopt a trial-and-error approach, which allows the cycle of dry eye disease (DED) to progress and potentially cause permanent damage to the lacrimal functional unit. Topical treatments also depend on patients' ability to administer eye drops and their compliance. These limitations emphasize the need for personalized, targeted treatments that address the underlying pathophysiology of SSDE. This article aims to present new advances in ocular drug delivery for more effective treatment.
  • 478
  • 10 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Advancements in Glaucoma Diagnosis
The progress of artificial intelligence algorithms in digital image processing and automatic diagnosis studies of the eye disease glaucoma has been growing and presenting essential advances to guarantee better clinical care for the population.
  • 54
  • 14 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Advances in Diagnosis Approaches in Fungal Keratitis
Fungal keratitis represents a potentially sight-threatening infection associated with poor prognosis, as well as financial burden. Novel diagnostic methods include polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR)-based approaches, metagenomic deep sequences, in vivo confocal microscopy, and antifungal susceptibility testing. The ideal therapeutic approaches and outcomes have been widely discussed, with early therapy being of the utmost importance for the preservation of visual acuity, minimizing corneal damage and reducing the scar size. However, combination therapy can be more efficacious compared to monotherapy. Understanding the pathogenesis, early diagnosis, and prevention strategies can be of great importance. 
  • 56
  • 18 Feb 2024
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