Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort:
Hottest Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Type:
All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
Anterior Chamber Angle Assessment Techniques
This review summarizes the last findings in Anterior Chamber Angle evaluation, focusing on new instruments and their application to the clinical practice. Special attention will be given to the comparison between these new techniques and traditional slit-lamp gonioscopy.
  • 1.4K
  • 11 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Iridoschisis
Iridoschisis is a rare condition defined as a separation of the anterior iris stroma from the posterior stroma and muscle layers. A variety of ocular pathologies can coexist with iridoschisis, but in most cases the causal relationship, if any, is unclear. Glaucoma, primarily angle-closure glaucoma, is the most often described condition concomitant to iridoschisis. Other ocular abnormalities found relatively often in iridoschisis patients include cataract, lens subluxation and corneal abnormalities. Iridoschisis is plausibly a multifactorial disease. A patient diagnosed with iridoschisis should be screened for potential glaucoma, corneal and lens abnormalities. Iridoschisis may pose a challenge for both an ophthalmologist in an outpatient setting and an ophthalmic surgeon.
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Ocular Autonomic Nervous System
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) confers neural control of the entire body, mainly through the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. Several studies have observed that the physiological functions of the eye (pupil size, lens accommodation, ocular circulation, and intraocular pressure regulation) are precisely regulated by the ANS. Almost all parts of the eye have autonomic innervation for the regulation of local homeostasis through synergy and antagonism. With the advent of new research methods, novel anatomical characteristics and numerous physiological processes have been elucidated.
  • 1.3K
  • 19 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Vitamin A in Retinal Diseases
Vitamin A is an essential fat-soluble vitamin that occurs in various chemical forms. It is essential for several physiological processes. Either hyper- or hypovitaminosis can be harmful. One of the most important vitamin A functions is its involvement in visual phototransduction, where it serves as the crucial part of photopigment, the first molecule in the process of transforming photons of light into electrical signals. In this process, large quantities of vitamin A in the form of 11-cis-retinal are being isomerized to all-trans-retinal and then quickly recycled back to 11-cis-retinal. Complex machinery of transporters and enzymes is involved in this process (i.e., the visual cycle). Any fault in the machinery may not only reduce the efficiency of visual detection but also cause the accumulation of toxic chemicals in the retina. 
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Single Vision Spectacles in Myopia
Myopia is caused by excessive eye growth. Single vision lenses can fully correct the myopic refractive error. Moreover, single vision lenses were investigated as myopia control method and control effects were compared between full-, over-, under- and un-correction. Study results are controversial, however, no beneficial effect of over-, under- and un-correction of myopia were found. Considering ethical reasons in children as well, current clinical advice is directed towards full-correction of myopia if single vision lenses are the correction method of choice.
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Diabetic Retinopathy
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most frequent microvascular complication of long-term diabetes and the most common cause of blindness, increasing morbidity in the working-age population. The most effective therapies for these complications include laser photocoagulation and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) intravitreal injections. However, laser and anti-VEGF drugs are untenable as a final solution as they fail to address the underlying neurovascular degeneration and ischemia. Regenerative medicine may be a more promising approach, aimed at the repair of blood vessels and reversal of retinal ischemia. Stem cell and tissue engineering therapy have introduced a novel way to reverse the underlying ischemia present in microvascular complications in diseases such as diabetes. 
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Autophagy in Eye Diseases
Autophagy is a catabolic process that ensures homeostasis in the cells of our organism. It plays a crucial role in protecting eye cells against oxidative damage and external stress factors. Ocular pathologies of high incidence, such as age-related macular degeneration, cataracts, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy are of multifactorial origin and are associated with genetic, environmental factors, age, and oxidative stress, among others; the latter factor is one of the most influential in ocular diseases, directly affecting the processes of autophagy activity. 
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Nanotechnology for Eye Topical Drug Delivery
Topical drug delivery is one of the most challenging aspects of eye therapy. Eye drops are the most prevalent drug form because they are convenient and easy to apply by patients. However, conventional drug formulations are usually characterized by short retention time in the tear film, insufficient contact with epithelium, fast elimination, and difficulties in overcoming ocular tissue barriers. Not more than 5% of the total drug dose administered in eye drops reaches the interior ocular tissues. Drug-loaded nanoparticles/hydrogels do not enter cells via diffusion. The endocytosis pathway is related to the penetration of drug-loaded nanoparticles/hydrogels into the cell. The interactions between the nanoparticles and the cell membrane generate forces of different origins and lead to the membrane wrapping of the nanoparticles followed by cellular uptake.
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Retinal Organization
The retinal arhitecture is similar across all vertebrates despite the morphological and functional peculiarities. The retina is composed of two main parts: the single-layred retinal pigment epithelium and the multilayred neuroretina which includes a number of neuronal and glial cell types. Homeobox genes from different classes are accepted as critical for eye field specification and retinal cells type differentiation by a broad array of loss- or gain-of-function models. Among these genes are some that are known to cause inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) that disturb the formation, function, and survival of rod and cone photoreceptors, ganglion cells, or retinal pigment epithelial cells [4,6–8]. The advances in the field of genetics and high-throughput next-generation sequencing and cell technologies allow for deepening of knowledge of the genetic basis of inherited retinal diseases (IRDs), as well as improve their diagnostics and therapy.
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common irreversible sight-threatening disease characterized by progressive degeneration of the central retina, preferentially involving the retinal photoreceptors, the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), the Bruch’s membrane (BM), or the choroidal microcirculation in the macular region.
  • 995
  • 22 Sep 2021
  • Page
  • of
  • 31
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Feedback