Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort:
Hottest Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Type:
All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
Cataracts
A cataract is an ophthalmic disorder characterized by the opacification of the lens and occurs commonly in older people. Age-related cataract is a significant cause of blindness affecting the quality of life worldwide. An imbalance between oxidative stress and antioxidant potential of ocular tissue is considered responsible for structural modifications of crystallins, the protein constituents of the lens, which eventually leads to cataracts. Lutein and zeaxanthin are two major carotenoids which are concentrated in the human lens. Many preclinical and clinical studies provide compelling evidence for a protective role of dietary carotenoids in age-related cataracts.
  • 3.9K
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Intraocular Pressure during Spaceflight and Risk of Glaucomatous Damage in Prolonged Microgravity
Microgravity introduces diverse pathological and various physiological changes to the human body, including intraocular pressure. Astronauts may develop a constellation of symptoms and signs including optic disc edema, choroidal folds, and a hyperopic shift from the flattening of the globe. These ocular findings have been collectively termed spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS). SANS is a condition that is unique to long-duration spaceflight. The precise pathogenesis of SANS remains ill-defined, but several hypotheses have been proposed that may be influenced by intraocular pressure. Countermeasures for SANS research also include techniques that impact intraocular pressure. In this article, we discuss intraocular pressure during spaceflight, the translaminar pressure gradient, SANS and potential SANS countermeasures, and the potential for glaucomatous damage during spaceflight.
  • 2.5K
  • 19 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Intraretinal Fluid Pattern Characterization
The accumulation of fluids in the retinal layers is one of the main causes of blindness in developed countries. The main strategy for its study and diagnosis is through the use of Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) images. This allows experts to observe the layers of the retina in a cross-sectional view. Commonly, for the analysis of these accumulations by means of computer diagnostic support systems, precise segmentation strategies are employed.
  • 2.4K
  • 22 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Dissociated Optic Nerve Fiber Layer
Dissociated optic nerve fiber layer (DONFL) appearance is characterized by dimpling of the fundus when observed after vitrectomy with the internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling in macular diseases. However, the cause of DONFL remains largely unknown. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings have indicated that the nerve fiber layer (NFL) and ganglion cells are likely to have been damaged in patients with DONFL appearance. Since DONFL appearance occurs at a certain postoperative period, it is unlikely to be retinal damage directly caused by ILM peeling because apoptosis occurs at a certain period after tissue damage and/or injury. However, it may be due to ILM peeling-induced apoptosis in the retinal tissue. Anoikis is a type of apoptosis that occurs in anchorage-dependent cells upon detachment of those cells from the surrounding extracellular matrix (i.e., the loss of cell anchorage). The anoikis-related proteins βA3/A1 crystallin and E-cadherin are reportedly expressed in retinal ganglion cells. 
  • 1.9K
  • 05 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Silver in Ophthalmology
The use of silver preparations in medicine is becoming increasingly popular. 
  • 1.8K
  • 15 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Episcleritis and Scleritis
Episcleritis and scleritis are the most common ocular inflammatory manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis.
  • 1.7K
  • 07 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Cat-Scratch Disease’s Neuro-Ophthalmological Effects
Cat-scratch disease is an illness caused by Bartonella henselae that occurs as a result of contact with an infected kitten or dog, such as a bite or scratch. It is more prevalent in children and young adults, as well as immunocompromised individuals. Among the ophthalmologic disorders caused by cat-scratch disease in humans, Parinaud oculoglandular syndrome, uveitis, vitritis, retinitis, retinochoroiditis and optic neuritis are the most prevalent. The neurological disorders caused by cat-scratch disease in humans include encephalopathy, transverse myelitis, radiculitis, and cerebellar ataxia.
  • 1.6K
  • 21 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Retinal Vein Occlusion
Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is the second most common retinal vascular disorder next to diabetic retinopathy. 
  • 1.5K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Age Related Macular Degeneration
Age related macular degeneration (AMD) is a disease associated with aging of the central area of the retina called the macula. It results in a progressive loss of central vision.In western countries, AMD is the leading cause of severe vision loss in people over the age of 50. About 25 to 30 million people suffer from AMD. Due to the aging of the population, this figure could double in the next 35 years.
  • 1.4K
  • 09 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Choroidal Imaging Findings in CSCR
Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) is a chorioretinal disease affecting mostly middle-age males. It is marked by the serous detachment of the neurosensory layer at the macula. This review of the literature provides a framework of the current characteristic/relevant imaging findings of CSCR. Although the pathogenesis of CSCR is unclear, the choroid plays a major role and its changes are fundamental to the diagnosis and treatment of CSCR.  Choroidal imaging has advanced the diagnosis of CSCR. This has led to numerous imaging biomarkers like CVI, CT, and hyperreflective dots for early detection and possible prognostication of CSCR. More techniques like wide-field scans and en face imaging are being employed to characterize the choroid in CSCR. 
  • 1.4K
  • 22 Sep 2021
  • Page
  • of
  • 31
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Feedback