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Topic Review
Stress-Related Hormones in Drosophila melanogaster
The response of living beings to adverse conditions, known as the stress reaction, is a complex mechanism including various signaling pathways and hormones. Some are evolutionarily conserved, such as the insulin signaling pathway, others, such as 20-hydroxyecdysone, adipokinetic or juvenile hormones, are taxon-specific in insects. Key components of the neuroendocrine stress reaction in insects are biogenic amines (dopamine and octopamine), juvenile hormone, 20-hydroxyecdysone, adipokinetic hormone and insulin-like peptides. 
  • 245
  • 06 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Hyalomma Ticks and Human and Animal Health
Ticks are obligatory hematophagous ectoparasites that act as vectors for many important human and livestock pathogens worldwide. Like spiders and scorpions, they belong to the class Arachnida. Within the order Ixodida, most species of ticks belong to one of the two main large families, Argasidae or Ixodidae. The latter are known as “hard” ticks since they have a sclerotized dorsal plaque or scutum. In contrast, those belonging to the family Argasidae lack this physical feature and are therefore known as “soft ticks”. Tick-borne infectious diseases spread following the bite of infected ticks, which can carry and be infected by bacteria, viruses, or parasites. Some of the most important bacteria-infecting ticks include species of the genera Rickettsia, Borrelia, Francisella, Anaplasma, and Ehrlichia, as well as viruses such as the Crimea–Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus, the West Nile virus, and the tick-borne encephalitis virus, among others.
  • 427
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Integrated Insect Pest Management for Rice
Integrated pest management (IPM) is a promising technology for the environment. Insect pests and weeds have long posed a danger to rice production systems, resulting in severe output losses. Although insect, pest, and weed control has remained the most efficient plant protection tool, environmental risks have prompted scientists to propose alternate pest management options. The understanding of sustainable conventional agriculture prompted the broad deployment of IPM.
  • 541
  • 30 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Potential Applications of Silkworm Pupae
The nutritional composition of silkworms will likely have multiple implications for humans, animals, and the environment. The silkworm pupae attracted interest due to lipids and protein profiles. Furthermore, the valuable level of the essential fatty acids (alpha-linolenic and linoleic from the n-3 and n-6 family) results in significant physiological functions in the human body that support good health.
  • 321
  • 21 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Dynamic Roles of Insect Carboxyl/Cholinesterases in Chemical Adaptation
Carboxyl/cholinesterases (CCEs) represent a family of enzymes distributed in many organisms, including insects. Despite their relatively simple catalyzed hydrolysis reaction, CCEs facilitate insects’ adaptation to chemical signals and stressors from the environment through various trajectories, including developing pesticide resistance, facilitating the adaptation of insects to their host plants, and manipulating insect behaviors. The CCE-mediated mechanisms of pesticide resistance to organophosphate, carbamate, or pyrethroid pesticides comprise enhanced metabolism, the sequestration of pesticides to prevent them from reaching their target sites, or conformational changes in target sites to prevent pesticides from binding. In addition, CCEs aid in the adaptation to chemical signals through the olfactory system by degrading insect semiochemicals.
  • 302
  • 15 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Species and  Distribution of Anopheline Mosquitoes in Hainan
Malaria is a serious mosquito-borne tropical disease impacting populations in tropical regions across the world. Malaria was previously hyperendemic in Hainan Province. Due to large-scale anti-malarial intervention, malaria elimination in the province was achieved in 2019. Anopheles dirus and Anopheles minimus are primary malaria vectors, mainly distributed in the southern and central areas of Hainan.
  • 399
  • 07 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Key Oil Palm Pests and Their Managements
Oil palm, Elaeis guineensis Jacq. (Arecales: Arecaceae), is a multipurpose plantation crop that is extensively grown in the humid tropics across Asia, Africa and the Americas for palm oil and other uses such as sauces, soap, wine, fertilizer (ashes), roofing (leaves), building material (trunk), medicines (roots), and ornamental purposes. Oil palm is attacked by numerous insect species globally, including defoliators, leaf/fruit scrapers, borers and sap feeders. The common oil palm pest management methods include synthetic insecticides, biopesticides, semiochemical lures, cultural practices, and integrated approaches.
  • 2.2K
  • 04 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Biological Control of Fall Armyworm
The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, is one of the most important invasive pests worldwide, resulting in considerable losses in host crops. FAW comprises two genetic strains, such as the “rice strain”, which prefers rice and other grass species, and the “maize strain”, which feeds upon maize and sorghum. Potential control measures are generally more applicable to the farmers who lack financial assets to buy chemical insecticides or costly pure seeds. The adverse effects of pesticides on the ecosystem and human’s health and the development of resistance to insect pests have exaggerated efforts to find an alternative strategy that is cost-effective, low-risk and target-specific. Therefore, biological control is widely considered as one of the most important options for insect pest management. 
  • 895
  • 09 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Bee Innate Immunity
As important pollinators, bees play a critical role in maintaining the balance of the ecosystem and improving the yield and quality of crops. However, in recent years, the bee population has significantly declined due to various pathogens and environmental stressors including viruses, bacteria, parasites, and increased pesticide application. The above threats trigger or suppress the innate immunity of bees, their only immune defense system, which is essential to maintaining individual health and that of the colony. In addition, bees can be divided into solitary and eusocial bees based on their life traits, and eusocial bees possess special social immunities, such as grooming behavior, which cooperate with innate immunity to maintain the health of the colony.
  • 466
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Post-Harvest Insect Management Practices in Ethiopia
Ethiopian subsistence farmers traditionally store their grain harvests, leaving them open to storage pests and fungi that can cause contamination of major staple crops. Applying the most effective strategy requires a precise understanding of the insect species, infestation rates, storage losses, and storage conditions in the various types of farmers’ grain stores.
  • 665
  • 28 Nov 2022
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