Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort:
Hottest Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Type:
All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
The Role of IL-23 Inhibitors in Crohn’s Disease
Promoting a Th17 pathogenic response, the interleukin (IL)-23 pathway is crucial in the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). With a favorable safety profile, ustekinumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting the shared p40 component of IL-12/23, is currently approved for the treatment of IBD in patients with disease refractory to corticosteroids and biologic drugs. Risankizumab, mirikizumab, and guselkumab are specific IL-23p19 antagonists tested for the treatment of Crohn’s disease (CD). However, only risankizumab currently has been approved for its treatment. Trials with guselkumab and mirikizumab are currently ongoing, with promising preliminary efficacy and safety results.
  • 172
  • 11 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Mechanistic Insights into Eosinophilic Esophagitis
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by eosinophilic infiltration of the esophagus. It arises from a complex interplay of genetic predisposition (susceptibility loci), environmental triggers (allergens and dietary antigens), and a dysregulated immune response, mainly mediated by type 2 T helper cell (Th2)-released cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13.
  • 163
  • 27 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Biological Drugs in EoE and Their Targets
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a multifaceted disease characterized by a wide heterogeneity of clinical manifestations, endoscopic and histopathologic patterns, and responsiveness to therapy. From the perspective of an effective approach to the patient, the different inflammatory mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of EoE and biologics, in particular monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), targeting these pathways are needed. Currently, the most relevant is dupilumab, which interferes with both interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 pathways by binding IL-4 receptor α, and is the only mAb approved by the European Medicine Agency and US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of EoE. Other mAbs investigated include mepolizumab, reslizumab, and benralizumab (interfering with IL-5 axis), cendakimab and dectrekumab (anti-IL-13s), tezepelumab (anti-TSLP), lirentelimab (anti-SIGLEG-8), and many others.
  • 161
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Diet and Nutritional Interventions in Early Life
The infant gut microbiome plays a key role in the healthy development of the human organism and appears to be influenced by dietary practices through multiple pathways. First, maternal diet during pregnancy and infant nutrition significantly influence the infant gut microbiota. Moreover, breastfeeding fosters the proliferation of beneficial bacteria, while formula feeding increases microbial diversity. The timing of introducing solid foods also influences gut microbiota composition. In preterm infants the gut microbiota development is influenced by multiple factors, including the time since birth and the intake of breast milk, and interventions such as probiotics and prebiotics supplementation show promising results in reducing morbidity and mortality in this population.
  • 161
  • 27 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Low-Dose Alcohol Consumption on Chronic Liver Disease
Although alcohol is one of the most important etiologic agents in the development of chronic liver disease worldwide, also recognized as a promoter of carcinogenesis, several studies have shown a beneficial effect of moderate consumption in terms of reduced cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Whether this benefit is also present in patients with liver disease due to other causes (viral, metabolic, and others) is still debated. Although there is no clear evidence emerging from guidelines and scientific literature, total abstention from drinking is usually prescribed in clinical practice.
  • 159
  • 06 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Gut–Brain Axis, Microbiota and Probiotics
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a relatively common digestive disorder. It is estimated that IBS has a prevalence of 10–15% in the general population in industrialized countries and is a factor with a significant impact on both the individual and society in terms of quality of life and health care costs. Depending on symptomatology, comorbidities, quality of life and healthcare needs, IBS can have a mild, moderate, or severe clinical course. Some studies have shown that the severe form occurs in 15–40% of patients with IBS.
  • 156
  • 05 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Genetic Changes of NF-κB Signaling in Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer mortality in the United States, with an estimated 52,000 deaths in 2023. Though significant progress has been made in both diagnosis and treatment of CRC in recent years, genetic heterogeneity of CRC—the culprit for possible CRC relapse and drug resistance, is still an insurmountable challenge. Thus, developing more effective therapeutics to overcome this challenge in new CRC treatment strategies is imperative. Genetic and epigenetic changes are well recognized to be responsible for the stepwise development of CRC malignancy. 
  • 156
  • 02 Jan 2024
Topic Review
The Effect of COVID-19 on Gut Microbiota
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has led to significant global health implications. Although the respiratory manifestations of COVID-19 are widely recognized, emerging evidence suggests that the disease may also significantly affect the gut microbiota, the intricate community of bacteria that lives within the gastrointestinal system.
  • 155
  • 22 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Estrobolome and Hepatocellular Adenomas
Hepatocellular adenoma (HCA) or hepatic adenoma is defined as a benign liver lesion, seen in patients with excessive exposure to estrogen (the higher the dose of estrogen therapy, the higher the risk of HCA), genetic and metabolic syndromes or who have undergone anabolic androgen therapy. It is known that the estrobolome plays an important role in the human endocrine system; specifically relevant in the metabolization of estrogen are bacterial species producing β-glucuronidase (GUS) enzymes.
  • 153
  • 20 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Endoscopic Salvage of Gastrointestinal Anastomosis Leaks
Anastomotic leakage, which is defined as a defect in the integrity of a surgical join between two hollow viscera leading to communication between the intraluminal and extraluminal compartments, continues to be of high incidence and one of the most feared complications following gastrointestinal surgery, with a significant potential for a fatal outcome. Surgical options for management are limited and carry a high risk of morbidity and mortality; thus, surgeons are urged to look for alternative options which are minimally invasive, repeatable, non-operative, and do not require general anesthesia. 
  • 149
  • 07 Oct 2023
  • Page
  • of
  • 66
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
ScholarVision Creations
Feedback