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Topic Review
Pathogenesis of Esophageal Cancer
Esophageal cancer is rapidly increasing across the world. It is the sixth most common cause of death from cancer and is the eighth most common cancer worldwide. Esophageal cancer is a devastating malignancy which can be detected at an early stage but is more often diagnosed as an advanced process. It affects both men and women and inflicts the young and the elderly. There are multiple underlying factors involved in the pathogenesis of this cancer including inflammation.
  • 710
  • 13 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Microbiome in the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
The microbiome of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by bacterial dysbiosis (i.e., an imbalance of pathogenic and commensal bacteria). Bacterial diversity has been shown to be reduced during active inflammation in IBD.
  • 598
  • 12 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a global pandemic that affects one-quarter of the world’s population. NAFLD includes a spectrum of progressive liver disease from steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, and cirrhosis and can be complicated by hepatocellular carcinoma. It is strongly associated with metabolic syndromes, obesity, and type 2 diabetes, and it has been shown that metabolic dysregulation is central to its pathogenesis. It has been suggested that metabolic- (dysfunction) associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a more appropriate term to describe the disease than NAFLD, which puts increased emphasis on the important role of metabolic dysfunction in its pathogenesis. There is strong evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a significant role in the development and progression of NAFLD. Impaired mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and, a reduction in mitochondrial quality, have been suggested to play a major role in NAFLD development and progression. 
  • 799
  • 11 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Dietitian for Insulin Resistance and Urolithiasis
Many obesity and diet-related diseases have been observed. Insulin resistance (IR), a state of tissue resistance to insulin due to its impaired function, is a common coexisting condition. The most important predisposing factors are excessive visceral fat and chronic low-grade inflammatory response. An additional disease that is often associated with IR is urolithiasis. The common feature of these two conditions is metabolic acidosis and mild inflammation. A patient diagnosed with IR and urolithiasis is a big challenge for a dietitian.
  • 418
  • 30 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Contrast-Enhanced Endoscopic Ultrasonography
Endoscopic ultrasound can be useful for obtaining detailed diagnostic images for pancreatic disease. Contrast-enhanced harmonic endoscopic ultrasound has allowed to demonstrate not only microvasculature but also real perfusion imaging using second-generation contrast agents. Furthermore, endoscopic ultrasound fine-needle aspiration cytology and histology have become more ubiquitous.
  • 363
  • 27 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Pathogenesis of Choledochal Cyst
Choledochal cysts (CC) is characterized by extra- and/or intra-hepatic b\ile duct dilations. There are two main theories, “pancreaticobiliary maljunction” and “congenital stenosis of bile ducts” proposed for the pathogenesis of CC. Although family cases or CC associated with other anomalies have been reported, the molecular pathogenesis of CC is still poorly understood. Advances in transcriptomics and genomics analysis platforms have unveiled key expression signatures/genes/signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of human diseases including CC.
  • 679
  • 24 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Phenotypes of Patients with Diabetes and NAFLD
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most common chronic liver disease in Western countries. Its incidence is expected to keep growing, parallel to the incidence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its determinants. Within the MetS spectrum, the bulk of research addresses the relationship between either type 2 diabetes (T2DM) or obesity with NAFLD. However, a growing body of evidence shows that NAFLD is also prevalent in a variety of other forms of diabetes that typically have an earlier onset, such as type 1 diabetes (T1DM), Maturity-onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY) and ketosis-prone diabetes. 
  • 518
  • 22 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Risk Factors of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract. It is characterized by relapses and remissions, thus requiring lifelong treatment. 
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Phytosterols in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is now recognized as the most common cause of chronic liver disease with an increasing prevalence in both adults and children. Although the symptoms are absent or poorly expressed in most cases, some patients may progress to end-stage liver disease. The pathogenesis of NAFLD is known to be multifactorial. Therapeutic recommendations focus on lifestyle changes in order to reduce the incidence of risk factors and drugs targeting major molecular pathways potentially involved in the development of this disease. Given that a pharmacological treatment, completely safe and effective, is not currently known more research has been done on the effects that some bio-active natural compounds, derived from plants, have in preventing the onset and progression of NAFLD. Numerous studies, in animals and humans, have shown that phytosterols (PSs) play an important role in this pathology. Phytosterols are natural products that are found naturally in plant. More than 250 phytosterols have been identified, but the most common in the diet are stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, and campesterol. Consumption of dietary PSs can reduce serum cholesterol levels. Due to these properties, most studies have focused on their action on lipid metabolism and the evolution of NAFLD. PSs may reduce steatosis, cytotoxicity oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis.
  • 751
  • 17 Jun 2022
Topic Review
EEN in Pre-Operative Optimisation in Crohn’s Disease
Crohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract, with increasing incidence worldwide. Exclusive enteral nutrition is the term used when a patient replaces their habitual diet with an exclusive liquid diet for a defined period. In clinical practice, the most frequent form of exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) used is polymeric liquid feeds, for example, Fortisip™, Ensure™, or Modulen™. EEN is used extensively in the paediatric population to induce remission, but is not routinely used in the induction of remission of adult Crohn’s disease or in pre-operative optimisation.
  • 526
  • 17 Jun 2022
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