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Topic Review
Gut Microbiota and Gut–Liver Axis in Liver Disease
The gut microbiota composition is important for nutrient metabolism, mucosal barrier function, immunomodulation, and defense against pathogens. Alterations in the gut microbiome can disturb the gut ecosystem. These changes may lead to the loss of beneficial bacteria or an increase in potentially pathogenic bacteria. Furthermore, these have been shown to contribute to the pathophysiology of gastrointestinal and extra-intestinal diseases. Pathologies of the liver, such as non-alcoholic liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, autoimmune hepatitis, viral hepatitis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis have all been linked to changes in the gut microbiome composition.
  • 585
  • 08 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Role of Akkermansia in IBD and Cancer
Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila) represents approximately 1–3% of the total gut microbiota in healthy people; it is a non-motile, Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, oval-shaped bacterium belonging to the Verrucomicrobia phylum, and it is the first and only member of the phylum Verrucomicrobia found in the human gut. Its key features are the ability to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs, energy source for colonocytes and anti-inflammatory molecules), to promote mucin turnover and thickening thereby reinforcing the intestinal barrier and to interact with host receptors with its exposed active molecules thus influencing inflammation and metabolism. A. muciniphila can be used as a biomarker of a healthy host metabolic profile and that its depletion represents a signature of intestinal dysbiosis across different gastrointestinal and extraintestinal diseases as inflammatory bowel disease and some cancer types. The molecular mechanism beneath the action of this bacteria in the abovementioned diseases and how A. Muciniphila can modulate the response to both conventional and targeted cancer therapy are explored. 
  • 585
  • 14 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Chemerin in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Chemerin belongs to the adipokines—proteins secreted by white adipose tissue. It plays an important role in angiogenesis and metabolism and its levels correlate with inflammation severity in many clinical states. 
  • 582
  • 26 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Fibroblast Subsets in Colorectal cancer
CAFs are defined as fibroblasts surrounding malignant tumor cells and are the most abundant cell type in the tumor microenvironment of colorectal cancer (CRC). CAFs consist of various functionally heterogeneous subsets which can promote or restrain cancer progression. Although most previous research has focused on the biology of epithelial cells, accumulating evidence shows that certain CAF subsets can also importantly contribute to tumor initiation and progression, thereby possibly providing avenues for improvement of clinical care for CRC patients. However, attention needs to be paid to comprehensive characterization and reporting of the subsets being investigated in CAF studies to enable more precise identification and targeting of “unfavorable” CAFs in advanced CRC.
  • 582
  • 28 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Link of Microbiome–Gut–Brain Axis and Brain Disorders
Neuropsychiatric diseases cover a wide spectrum of diseases affecting the brain, behaviour, and mood, affecting people of any age. Disruptions in microbial compositions have been implicated in diseases such as asthma, diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, and autism. The microbiota–gut–brain axis (MGBA) is a bidirectional communication pathway between the gut bacteria and the central nervous system (CNS). It is an extension of the gut–brain axis, in which the enteric nervous system (ENS), CNS, and the GI-tract work together to affect physiological aspects of the gut: motility, secretion, and acid and mucus production. The bacteria may influence the brain via the production of neurotransmitters and bacterial metabolites via stimulation of the vagal nerve, the immune system, or the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA-axis). On the other hand, the brain’s effects on the gut in terms of secretion, peristalsis, and sensory are mainly transferred via the vagus nerve.
  • 581
  • 05 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Pre-/Probiotics and Akkermansia Muciniphila
This entry highlights the following main aspects: the relationship between probiotics/gut microbes with the pathogenesis of MetS, the particular positive roles of Akkermansia muciniphila supplementation in the onset of MetS, and the interaction between dietary polyphenols (prebiotics) with gut microbiota.
  • 581
  • 13 May 2021
Topic Review
Quercetin Impact on Colorectal Cancer
Quercetin is a polyphenolic flavonoid plant secondary metabolite with a well-characterized antioxidant activity. It has been extensively reported as an anti-carcinogenic agent, and the modulated targets of quercetin have been also characterized in the context of colorectal cancer (CRC).
  • 581
  • 23 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Hypothyroidism-Associated Dyslipidemia and NAFLD
Thyroid hormones control lipid metabolism by exhibiting specific effects on the liver and adipose tissue in a coordinated manner. Different diseases of the thyroid gland can result in hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism is frequently associated with dyslipidemia. Hypothyroidism-associated dyslipidemia subsequently results in intrahepatic accumulation of fat, leading to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which leads to the development of hepatic insulin resistance. 
  • 580
  • 07 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Hepatocellular Neoplasms
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a major global contributor of cancer death, usually arises in a background of chronic liver disease, as a result of molecular changes that deregulate important signal transduction pathways. Certain molecular changes of hepatocarcinogenesis are associated with clinicopathologic features and prognosis, suggesting that subclassification of HCC is practically useful. On the other hand, subclassification of hepatocellular adenomas (HCAs), a heterogenous group of neoplasms, has been well established on the basis of genotype–phenotype correlations. 
  • 579
  • 29 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Animal Models and Helicobacter pylori Infection
Helicobacter pylori colonize the gastric mucosa of at least half of the world’s population. Persistent infection is associated with the development of gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and an increased risk of gastric cancer and gastric-mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. 
  • 579
  • 14 Jul 2022
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