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Topic Review
Dual-Energy Computed Tomography of Liver
Dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) is an imaging technique based on data acquisition at two different energy settings. Recent advances in CT have allowed data acquisitions and simultaneous analyses of X-rays at two energy levels, and have resulted in novel developments in the field of abdominal imaging. The use of low and high X-ray tube voltages in DECT provide fused images that improve the detection of liver tumors owing to the higher contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) of the tumor compared with the liver. The use of contrast agents in CT scanning improves image quality by enhancing the CNR and signal-to-noise ratio while reducing beam-hardening artifacts. DECT can improve detection and characterization of hepatic abnormalities, including mass lesions. The technique can also be used for the diagnosis of steatosis and iron overload.
  • 690
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Dysbiosis in Gut Microbiotas
Dysbiosis refers to a disruption of the symbiotic relationship between the microbiota and the host, and it can contribute to various chronic diseases both within and outside the gut. These diseases include obesity, inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, atherosclerosis, chronic liver disease, neurological disorders, and cancer. Several factors can influence the composition of the microbiota and increase the risk of dysbiosis. These factors include diet, environmental factors, stress, aging, genetic factors, and broad-spectrum antibiotic use. 
  • 276
  • 05 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Dyspepsia in Diabetic Patients
Diabetes mellitus is a widespread disease, and represents an important public health burden worldwide. Together with cardiovascular, renal and neurological complications, many patients with diabetes present with gastrointestinal symptoms, which configure the so-called diabetic enteropathy. 
  • 1.4K
  • 11 May 2021
Topic Review
Dysregulation of the Gut Barrier Function during ALD
Chronic alcohol consumption and alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) represent a major public health problem worldwide. Only a minority of patients with an alcohol-use disorder (AUD) develop severe forms of liver disease (e.g., steatohepatitis and fibrosis) and finally progress to the more advanced stages of ALD, such as severe alcohol-associated hepatitis and decompensated cirrhosis. Emerging evidence suggests that gut barrier dysfunction is multifactorial, implicating microbiota changes, alterations in the intestinal epithelium, and immune dysfunction. This failing gut barrier ultimately allows microbial antigens, microbes, and metabolites to translocate to the liver and into systemic circulation. Subsequent activation of immune and inflammatory responses contributes to liver disease progression.
  • 605
  • 09 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Eating Disorders and Gastrointestinal Diseases
Eating disorders (ED) are frequently associated with a wide range of psychiatric or somatic comorbidities. The most relevant ED are anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and binge eating disorders (BED). Patients with ED exhibit both upper and lower gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. Evidence of alterations throughout the GI tract in ED will be analyzed given the role of the GI tract in food intake and its regulation. It remains a matter of debate whether GI disorders are inherent manifestations of ED or the results of malnutrition occurring from ED. Moreover, recent clinical studies have highlighted the growing role of intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of ED, making it possible to hypothesize a modulation of intestinal microbiota as a co-adjuvant to standard therapy. 
  • 551
  • 28 Jul 2021
Topic Review
ECL Cell
The ECL cell was recognized as the cell producing histamine, taking part in the regulation of gastric acid secretion. The ECL cell carries the gastrin receptor, and gastrin regulates its function (histamine release) as well as proliferation. Long-term hypergastrinemia results in gastric neoplasia of variable malignancies, implying that gastric hypoacidity resulting in increased gastrin release will induce gastric neoplasia, including gastric cancer. Conclusions: The trophic effect of gastrin on the ECL cell has implications to the treatment with inhibitors of acid secretion.
  • 618
  • 29 Dec 2021
Topic Review
EEN in Pre-Operative Optimisation in Crohn’s Disease
Crohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract, with increasing incidence worldwide. Exclusive enteral nutrition is the term used when a patient replaces their habitual diet with an exclusive liquid diet for a defined period. In clinical practice, the most frequent form of exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) used is polymeric liquid feeds, for example, Fortisip™, Ensure™, or Modulen™. EEN is used extensively in the paediatric population to induce remission, but is not routinely used in the induction of remission of adult Crohn’s disease or in pre-operative optimisation.
  • 524
  • 17 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Effect of COVID-19 on Liver
The gastrointestinal tract plays an important role in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. Most patients present with gastrointestinal symptoms and/or abnormal liver function tests, both of which have been associated with adverse outcomes. The mechanisms of liver damage are currently under investigation, but the damage is usually transient and nonsevere. Liver transplantation is the only definitive treatment for acute liver failure and end-stage liver disease, and unfortunately, because of the need for ventilators during the COVID-19 pandemic, most liver transplant programs were temporarily suspended. 
  • 533
  • 26 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Effects of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists on NAFLD
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most frequent liver disease, affecting up to 70% of patients with diabetes. There are no specific drugs available for its treatment. Beyond their anti-hyperglycemic effect and the surprising role of cardio- and nephroprotection, GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) have shown a significant impact on body weight and clinical, biochemical and histological markers of fatty liver and fibrosis in patients with NAFLD. Therefore, GLP-1 RAs could be a weapon for the treatment of both diabetes mellitus and NAFLD. 
  • 270
  • 12 May 2023
Topic Review
Effects of Probiotics in Fetal Growth Restriction
Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a pathological state that represents a fetus’s inability to achieve adequate growth during pregnancy. Several maternal, placental, and fetal factors are likely associated with FGR etiology. FGR is linked to severe fetal and neonatal complications, as well as adverse health consequences in adulthood. Numerous randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have demonstrated improved growth in FGR fetuses with promising treatment strategies such as maternal micronutrient, amino acid, and nitric oxide supplementation. Elevated inflammation in pregnant women diagnosed with FGR has been associated with an imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Gut microbiota dysbiosis may result in increased FGR-related inflammation. Probiotic treatment may relieve FGR-induced inflammation and improve fetal growth. 
  • 301
  • 30 Nov 2023
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