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Topic Review
Neuroendocrine Aspects of Skin Aging
Skin aging is accompanied by a gradual loss of function, physiological integrity and the ability to cope with internal and external stressors. This is secondary to a combination of complex biological processes influenced by constitutive and environmental factors or by local and systemic pathologies. Skin aging and its phenotypic presentation are dependent on constitutive (genetic) and systemic factors. It can be accelerated by environmental stressors, such as ultraviolet radiation, pollutants and microbial insults.
  • 575
  • 29 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Immunopathogenesis of Vitiligo
Vitiligo is an acquired immune-mediated disorder of pigmentation clinically characterized by well-defined depigmented or chalk-white macules and patches on the skin. The prevalence of vitiligo varies by geographical area, affecting 0.5% to 2% of the population. The disease imposes a significant psychological burden due to its major impact on patients’ social and emotional aspects of life. Given its autoimmune background, vitiligo is frequently associated with other autoimmune diseases or immune-mediated diseases. Vitiligo is a multifaceted disorder that involves both genetic predisposition and environmental triggers. In recent years, major predisposing genetic loci for the development of vitiligo have been discovered. Oxidative-stress-mediated activation of innate immunity cells such as dendritic cells, natural killer, and ILC-1 cells is thought to be a key event in the early onset of vitiligo. Innate immunity cells serve as a bridge to adaptive immunity cells including T helper 1 cells, cytotoxic T cells and resident memory T cells. IFN-γ is the primary cytokine mediator that activates the JAK/STAT pathway, causing keratinocytes to produce the key chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10. Complex interactions between immune and non-immune cells finally result in apoptosis of melanocytes.
  • 573
  • 15 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Botulinum Neurotoxin Injection Targeting Lateral Canthal Rhytids
Botulinum neurotoxin injections near the lateral canthal rhytids are commonly used in cosmetic settings; however, there is a lack of thorough anatomical knowledge, and an effective way to treat them with accumulating knowledge is needed. 
  • 563
  • 14 Jul 2022
Topic Review
The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Dermatological Conditions
The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered a significant range of dermatologic sequela. Etiologies of lesions continue to be investigated. Proposed mechanisms include inflammatory response to spike protein, vitamin D deficiency, ACE2 receptor activation, androgen levels, and increased psychosocial stress.
  • 560
  • 13 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Diagnosis of Pityriasis Versicolor
Pityriasis versicolor (PV), also known as tinea versicolor, is a mild, non-contagious chronic, superficial fungal skin infection caused by lipid-dependent yeast-like fungus Malassezia. It manifests as poorly to well-demarcated discoloured or light pink scaly patches, usually affecting the trunk and arms. The disease occurs worldwide but is most prevalent in humid and warm tropical regions. PV tends to be more active in summer seasons. 
  • 558
  • 26 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Bioelectrical Factors in Skin Would Healing
The skin demonstrates complicated electrical characteristics that involve physiological and physical components in terms of its physical and chemical condition. The electrical features of the skin are of significant importance in bioengineering applications in wound healing given that physical attributes such as impedance and conductance reflect the composition of the skin. Electrical aspects of skin are broadening the spectrum of applications of the technologies for assessing and evaluating skin barrier integrity and the wound-healing process.
  • 558
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Cutaneous Melanocytic Tumor with CRTC1::TRIM11 Fusion
Molecular profiling of unclassified neoplasms has been pivotal in the characterization of new entities. Cutaneous melanocytic tumor with CRTC1::TRIM11 fusion (CMTCT) is a newly described neoplasm that falls into the broad category of diagnostically challenging dermal proliferations with melanocytic differentiation.
  • 555
  • 12 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Mast Cell Activation Syndrome
Mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS) is a medical condition recognised relatively recently, over whose definition and inclusion criteria there is still much debate in the literature. Some authors view it as a set of acute and severe systemic symptoms originating in mast cells’ abnormal number or reactivity, with clear laboratory inclusion criteria, while others see it as an immune/inflammatory systemic condition, acute and/or chronic, with manifestations ranging from mild to severe, including anaphylaxis, caused by mediators released from activated mast cells. At present the established diagnostic criteria are still a matter of debate, and there is still no certainty whether cases of MCAS are not missed versus the possibility of over-diagnosis.
  • 554
  • 24 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Henoch–Schönlein Purpura
Henoch–Schönlein purpura or IgA vasculitis is the most common type of pediatric vasculitis that may affect adults as well. It is classified as a type of small-vessel vasculitis. It can cause cutaneous and systemic symptoms with a minority of patients developing kidney failure.
  • 550
  • 23 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Carriers Containing Phospholipid Soft Vesicles
Topical drug delivery has many advantages over other ways of administration, having increased patient compliance, avoiding the first-pass effect following oral drug administration or not requesting multiple doses administration. However, the skin barrier prevents the access of the applied drug, affecting its therapeutic activity. Carriers containing phospholipid soft vesicles are a new approach to enhance drug delivery into the skin and to improve the treatment outcome. These vesicles contain molecules that have the property to fluidize the phospholipid bilayers generating the soft vesicle and allowing it to penetrate into the deep skin layers. Ethosomes, glycerosomes and transethosomes are soft vesicles containing ethanol, glycerol or a mixture of ethanol and a surfactant, respectively. 
  • 547
  • 17 Dec 2021
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