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Topic Review
Correlation of NETs to Atherosclerosis and Implication
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have attracted much attention recently, beyond elemental host immunity, due to their fundamental implication in a variety of pathologic conditions and widespread impactful diseases. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is one of them, and a major cause of mortality and disability worldwide. Consequently, years of basic and clinical research were dedicated to shedding light on every possible pathophysiologic mechanism that could be used as an effective prevention and treatment tool to ameliorate its burden. This led to the development of complex and prevention protocols and regimens that are now widely used, with lipid-lowering treatment being the current cornerstone; however, this is not adequate to alleviate the residual cardiovascular risk, which remains prominent. 
  • 60
  • 05 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Myocardial Metabolism in HFpEF
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is increasingly prevalent and now accounts for half of all heart failure cases. This rise is largely attributed to growing rates of obesity, hypertension, and diabetes. The heart, being the most energy-demanding organ, appears to have a compromised bioenergetic capacity in heart failure, affecting all phenotypes and aetiologies. 
  • 155
  • 04 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists in Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by lipid and inflammatory cell deposits in the inner layer of large- and medium-sized elastic and muscular arteries. Diabetes mellitus (DM) significantly increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases and the overall and cardiovascular mortality, and it is a pro-atherogenic factor that induces atherosclerosis development and/or accelerates its progression through a multifactorial process. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) are a new class of drugs, belonging to the armamentarium to fight type 2 DM, that have shown robust reductions in atherosclerotic events and all-cause mortality in all studies.
  • 72
  • 04 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Myocardial Mechanics in Left Ventricular Noncompaction Cardiomyopathy
Left ventricular (LV) non-compaction (LVNC) is a rare genetic cardiomyopathy due to abnormal intra-uterine arrest of compaction of the myocardial fibers during endomyocardial embryogenesis. Due to the partial or complete absence of LV compaction, the structure of the LV wall shows characteristic abnormalities, including a thin compacted epicardium and a thick non-compacted endocardium with prominent trabeculations and deep intertrabecular recesses. LVNC is frequently associated with chronic heart failure, life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias, and systemic embolic events. 
  • 78
  • 01 Mar 2024
Topic Review
HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors for Dyslipidemia Treatment
Dyslipidemia plays a fundamental role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. Current guidelines for treating dyslipidemia focus on low-density lipoprotein–cholesterol (LDL-C). Despite advances in the pharmacotherapy of atherosclerosis, the most successful agents used to treat this disease—statins—remain insufficient in the primary or secondary prevention of acute myocardial infarction. Advancing therapy for hypercholesterolemia with emerging new drugs, either as monotherapy or in combination, is expected to improve cardiovascular outcomes. 
  • 85
  • 01 Mar 2024
Topic Review
RA, OA, and IVL in Calcified Coronary Lesions
In order to improve the percutaneous treatment of coronary artery calcifications (CAC) before stent implantation, methods such as rotational atherectomy (RA), orbital atherectomy (OA), and coronary intravascular lithotripsy (IVL) were invented. These techniques use different mechanisms of action and therefore have various short- and long-term outcomes. IVL employs sonic waves to modify CAC, whereas RA and OA use a rapidly rotating burr or crown. These methods have specific advantages and limitations, regarding their cost-efficiency, the movement of the device, their usefulness given the individual anatomy of both the lesion and the vessel, and the risk of specified complications.
  • 145
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Off-Target Effects of P2Y12 Receptor Inhibitors
Ischemic heart disease holds the foremost position as the primary contributor to mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD). Furthermore, it constitutes the predominant underlying cause of heart failure on a global scale. Diverging from other tissues, the myocardium demonstrates a markedly limited ability to regenerate in the aftermath of injuries. Consequently, necrotic cardiomyocytes are replaced by fibrotic scar tissue in the cardiac repair process, which can lead to an adverse cardiac remodeling. Different cell types, including fibroblasts and macrophages, are involved in this process and play a pivotal role by releasing a wide array of mediators (i.e., cytokines) that regulate the activation of multiple molecular pathways, such as the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, involved in cardiac fibrosis. For this reason, the modulation of these pathways might be effective in promoting the replacement of fibrosis in reactive tissue. Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT), consisting of the combination of a platelet P2Y12 receptor inhibitor and aspirin, is the cornerstone of treatment for patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) requiring percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). P2Y12 receptor activation, a platelet purinergic receptor for adenosine 5′-diphosphate (ADP), significantly contributes to the arterial thrombosis process. 
  • 143
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Vascular Diseases in Women
According to the World Health Organization, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death among women worldwide, yet its magnitude is often underestimated. Biological and gender differences affect health, diagnosis, and healthcare in numerous ways. The lack of sex and gender awareness in health research and healthcare is an ongoing issue that affects not only research but also treatment and outcomes. The importance of recognizing the impacts of both sex and gender on health and of knowing the differences between the two in healthcare is beginning to gain ground. There is more appreciation of the roles that biological differences (sex) and sociocultural power structures (gender) have, and both sex and gender affect health behavior, the development of diseases, their diagnosis, management, and the long-term effects of an illness. 
  • 89
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Novel MRI Tools for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Risk Stratification
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a common genetic disorder with a well described risk of sudden cardiac death; however, risk stratification has remained a challenge. Recently, novel parameters in cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) have shown promise in helping to improve upon current risk stratification paradigms. 
  • 70
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Heart Failure
C is a valuable and versatile tool used in the classification of HF; these tests characterize the dynamic interactions between the cardiovascular, respiratory, and metabolic systems during physical exertion. This testing involves the systematic measurement of respiratory gases, heart rate, and other physiological parameters during controlled exercise. This non-invasive assessment provides a comprehensive evaluation of exercise capacity and helps identify abnormalities in cardiopulmonary function that may not be apparent at rest. 
  • 88
  • 28 Feb 2024
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