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Topic Review
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome is a collection of symptoms in the shoulder and upper extremity area that results in pain, numbness, and tingling. Identification of thoracic outlet syndrome is complex and a thorough clinical examination in addition to appropriate clinical testing can result in diagnosis. Practitioners must consider the pathology of thoracic outlet syndrome in their differential diagnosis for shoulder and upper extremity pain symptoms so that patients are directed appropriately to timely interventions. Patients with a definitive etiology who have failed conservative management are ideal candidates for surgical correction. This manuscript will discuss thoracic outlet syndrome, occurrence, physical presentation, clinical implications, and diagnosis and management.
  • 734
  • 21 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Thiamine in Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy
Because therapeutic hypothermia and thiamine may both act on the latent period of HIE damage, a synergistic effect of these therapeutic strategies is likely. Thiamine treatment may be especially important in mild hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) and in areas of the world where there is limited access to expensive hypothermia equipment.
  • 629
  • 31 Dec 2021
Topic Review
The Spectrum of Dermatitis and Eczema
Dermatitis (eczema) is a noninfectious inflammation of the epidermis and dermis that manifests itself through an array of efflorescences, including erythema, edema, inflammatory infiltrate, papules, vesicles, scales, serous crusts and lichenification. Depending on the stage and intensity of the disease, these skin changes may emerge in various constellations simultaneously or may evolve from one another. They are typically accompanied by the subjective sensation of itch (pruritus), pain or stinging or burning sensations of various intensities. The histological picture of dermatitis/eczema includes spongiosis, acanthosis, parakeratosis or hyperkeratosis in the epidermis, in addition to lymphocytic and granulocytic infiltration of the upper dermis and epidermis. The term “dermatitis” means literally “inflammation of the skin”; however, its use in dermatology is restricted to a subgroup of non-infectious inflammatory skin diseases with similar clinical appearances, creating the spectrum of dermatitis and eczema (SoDE). Therefore, tinea (a fungal infection of the skin), psoriasis or inflammatory acne will not be referred to as “dermatitis” even though inflammation of the skin is their inherent feature. Depending on the country and dermatology school, the term “eczema” could refer to acute dermatitis (e.g., in the USA) or chronic dermatitis (e.g., in Germany). Moreover, some scholars maintain that “eczema” means dermatitis with a known cause, while “dermatitis” would suggest that there is no definite diagnosis yet. Finally, the term “eczema” is used by some scholars as a synonym of “atopic dermatitis” (AD), which should be strongly discouraged as misleading and confusing. In light of these contradictions, it seems most reasonable to consider the terms “dermatitis” and “eczema” synonyms.
  • 153
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
The Serotonin Syndrome
The serotonin syndrome is a medication-induced condition resulting from serotonergic hyperactivity, usually involving antidepressant medications. As the number of patients experiencing medically-treated major depressive disorder increases, so does the population at risk for experiencing serotonin syndrome. Excessive synaptic stimulation of 5-HT2A receptors results in autonomic and neuromuscular aberrations with potentially life-threatening consequences.
  • 483
  • 11 Jan 2022
Topic Review
The Selected Rare B-Cell Lymphoproliferative Disorders
The updated 4th edition WHO classification of lymphoid malignancies and certain lymphoproliferative disorders (LPD), released in 2016, contains pivotal new terminology and information that is important for both radiologists and oncologists to understand. In spite of these updates, some LPDs included within this update have been rarely discussed in radiology literature. Many of these disorders have distinct clinical and imaging features, overlapping with more common disorders. The purpose of this entry is provide an overview for radiologists regarding certain rare LPDs.
  • 607
  • 03 Dec 2021
Topic Review
The Role of PINK1 in Parkinson’s Disease
The progressive reduction of the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra is thefundamental process underlying Parkinson’s disease (PD), while the mechanism of susceptibilityof this specific neuronal population is largely unclear. Disturbances in mitochondrial function havebeen recognized as one of the main pathways in sporadic PD since the finding of respiratory chainimpairment in animal models of PD. Studies on genetic forms of PD have provided new insight onthe role of mitochondrial bioenergetics, homeostasis, and autophagy. PINK1 (PTEN-inducedputative kinase 1) gene mutations, although rare, are the second most common cause ofrecessively inherited early-onset PD, after Parkin gene mutations. Our knowledge of PINK1 andParkin function has increased dramatically in the last years, with the discovery that a processcalled mitophagy, which plays a key role in the maintenance of mitochondrial health, is mediatedby the PINK1/Parkin pathway. In vitro and in vivo models have been developed, supporting therole of PINK1 in synaptic transmission, particularly affecting dopaminergic neurons. It is ofparamount importance to further define the role of PINK1 in mitophagy and mitochondrialhomeostasis in PD pathogenesis in order to delineate novel therapeutic targets.
  • 409
  • 22 Nov 2021
Topic Review
The Role of Oleuropein in the Anti-Diabetic Action
Substantial consumption of extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO), vegetables, legumes, fruits, and whole grain cereals is the distinctive feature of the Mediterranean diet that replicates some of the traditional eating habits of the countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea. 
  • 396
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
The Role of Curcumin in Chronic Disorders
Curcumin is the primary polyphenol in turmeric’s curcuminoid class. It has a wide range of therapeutic applications, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, antibacterial, and anticancer effects against various cancers, but has poor solubility and low bioavailability.
  • 713
  • 30 Nov 2021
Topic Review
The Potential of Exosomes in Allergy Immunotherapy
Allergic diseases represent a global health and economic burden of increasing significance. The lack of disease-modifying therapies besides specific allergen immunotherapy (AIT) which is not available for all types of allergies, necessitates the study of novel therapeutic approaches. Exosomes are small endosome-derived vesicles delivering cargo between cells and thus allowing inter-cellular communication. Since immune cells make use of exosomes to boost, deviate, or suppress immune responses, exosomes are intriguing candidates for immunotherapy. 
  • 275
  • 10 Feb 2022
Topic Review
The Pathogenesis of SLE
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease with multiple organ involvement predominantly affecting women of childbearing age. Environmental factors, as well as genetic predisposition, can cause immunological disturbances that manifest as SLE. A habitual high-fat diet and obesity have recently been reported to play a role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. The frequency of obesity is higher in patients with SLE than in general populations. Vitamin D and adipokines, such as leptin and adiponectin, are possible mediators connecting obesity and SLE. 
  • 392
  • 21 Apr 2021
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