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Topic Review
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Antimicrobial Resistance
The growing threat of antibiotic-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which causes gonorrhea, presents a current public health challenge. Over the years, the pathogen has developed resistance to different antibiotics, leaving few effective treatment options. High-level resistance to key drugs, including ceftriaxone, has become a concerning reality.
  • 148
  • 05 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Central Lines and Their Complications in Neonates
Central lines are essential devices in NICUs, used primarily in preterm neonates and critically ill term neonates. They are typically divided into non-tunnelled, tunnelled and totally implanted. In light of the increasing use of central lines in the NICU setting, monitoring of the risk factors associated with complications has to be an important part of neonatal care quality management. 
  • 138
  • 04 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Amino Acids and Cancer Treatment
The antioxidant properties of amino acids and their role in the physicochemical processes accompanying oxidative stress in cancer remain unclear. Cancer cells are known to extensively uptake amino acids, which are used as an energy source, antioxidant precursors that reduce oxidative stress in cancer, and as regulators of inhibiting or inducing tumor cell-associated gene expression. Nine amino acids (Cys, His, Phe, Met, Trp, Tyr, Pro, Arg, Lys) are examined, which play a key role in the non-enzymatic oxidative process in various cancers. Conventionally, these amino acids can be divided into two groups, in one of which the activity increases (Cys, Phe, Met, Pro, Arg, Lys) in cancer, and in the other, it decreases (His, Trp, Tyr). 
  • 136
  • 04 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Psychological Aspects of Eating Disorders in Adolescents
During the COVID-19 pandemic, an increase in the incidence of overweight and obesity in children was observed. It appears that unhealthy food choices, an unbalanced diet, and a sedentary lifestyle, as well as experiencing stress related to the pandemic, may be contributing to this disturbing trend. Chronic stress is a significant factor contributing to eating disorders and obesity in youngsters, involving medical, molecular, and psychological elements. Individuals under chronic stress often focus on appearance and weight, leading to negative body image and disrupted relationships with food, resulting in unhealthy eating behaviors. Chronic stress also impacts hormonal balance, reducing the satiety hormone leptin and elevating the appetite-stimulating hormone ghrelin, fostering increased hunger and uncontrolled snacking. Two systems, the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and the sympathetic system with the adrenal medulla, are activated in response to stress, causing impaired secretion of noradrenaline and cortisol. Stress-related obesity mechanisms encompass oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, insulin resistance, and neurohormonal and neurotransmission disorders. Stress induces insulin resistance, elevating obesity risk by disrupting blood sugar regulation and fat storage. Stress also affects the gut microbiome, potentially influencing chronic inflammation and metabolic processes linked to obesity. 
  • 135
  • 04 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Nano-Drug Delivery Systems in Oral Cancer Therapy
Oral cancer (OC), characterized by malignant tumors in the mouth, is one of the most prevalent malignancies worldwide. Chemotherapy is a commonly used treatment for OC; however, it often leads to severe side effects on human bodies. Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising solution for managing OC using nanomaterials and nanoparticles (NPs). Nano-drug delivery systems (nano-DDSs) that employ various NPs as nanocarriers have been extensively developed to enhance current OC therapies by achieving controlled drug release and targeted drug delivery.
  • 227
  • 04 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Causal Genetic and Environmental Factors for Lichen Planus
Lichen planus is a chronic disease affecting the skin, appendages, and mucous membranes. A cutaneous lichen planus is a rare disease occurring in less than 1% of the general population, while oral illness is up to five times more prevalent; still, both forms equally impair the patient’s quality of life. 
  • 245
  • 04 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Myeloproliferative Related Dermatosis with Indolent Clinical Outcomes
Myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemias include different entities that have been recently re-classified taking into account molecular and clinicopathological features. Two major articles were published in 2022, the ICC and the WHO classifications. The myelodysplastic syndrome/myeloproliferative neoplasm (MDS/MPN) category comprises a heterogeneous group of hybrid neoplastic myeloid diseases characterized by the co-occurrence of clinical and pathological features of both myelodysplastic and myeloproliferative neoplasms. The most frequent entity in this category is chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) which is, after acute myeloid leukemia (AML), the main myeloid disorder prone to develop cutaneous manifestations.
  • 153
  • 04 Jan 2024
Topic Review
The Role of TNF-α in Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that represents the most common cause of dementia in the elderly. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, a proinflammatory cytokine, has attracted attention due to its multifaceted and still not fully characterized role in AD and the fact that it could potentially represent a future therapeutic target. Indeed, TNF-α has many roles, not only in inflammation, but also in cell death and proliferation, and is crucial in maintaining CNS homeostasis. TNF-α is primarily produced by microglia, astrocytes, and neurons in response to various stimuli. Although TNF-α has a fundamental role in modulating excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier permeability, regulation of oligodendrocyte survival, myelin formation and repair, its excessive or dysregulated production can have detrimental effects on neuronal health, contributing to the development of neurodegeneration.
  • 170
  • 04 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Natural Polyketides
Invasive fungal infections present a significant risk to human health. The current arsenal of antifungal drugs is hindered by drug resistance, limited antifungal range, inadequate safety profiles, and low oral bioavailability. Consequently, there is an urgent imperative to develop novel antifungal medications for clinical application.
  • 208
  • 04 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Primary Intracranial Gliosarcoma
Gliosarcomas (GS) are sporadic malignant tumors classified as a Glioblastoma (GBM) variant with IDH-wild type phenotype. It appears as a well-circumscribed lesion with a biphasic, glial, and metaplastic mesenchymal component.
  • 216
  • 04 Jan 2024
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