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Topic Review
Adipose Stem Cells in Modern-Day Ophthalmology
Stem cells (SCs) have evolved as an interesting and viable factor in ophthalmologic patient care in the past decades. SCs have been classified as either embryonic, mesenchymal, tissue-specific, or induced pluripotent cells. Multiple novel management techniques and clinical trials have been established to date. While available publications are predominantly animal-model-based, significant material is derived from human studies and case-selected scenarios. This possibility of explanting cells from viable tissue to regenerate/repair damaged tissue points to an exciting future of therapeutic options in all fields of medicine, and ophthalmology is surely not left out. Adipose tissue obtained from lipo-aspirates has been shown to produce mesenchymal SCs that are potentially useful in different body parts, including the oculo-visual system.
  • 342
  • 18 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Adipose Tissue and Metastatic Cascade
Obesity is a modern health problem that has reached pandemic proportions. It is an established risk factor for carcinogenesis, however, evidence for the contribution of adipose tissue to the metastatic behavior of tumors is also mounting. Over 90% of cancer mortality is attributed to metastasis and metastatic tumor cells must communicate with their microenvironment for survival. Many of the characteristics observed in obese adipose tissue strongly mirror the tumor microenvironment. Thus in the case of prostate, pancreatic and breast cancer and esophageal adenocarcinoma, which are all located in close anatomical proximity to an adipose tissue depot, the adjacent fat provides an ideal microenvironment to enhance tumor growth, progression and metastasis. Adipocytes provide adipokines, fatty acids and other soluble factors to tumor cells whilst immune cells infiltrate the tumor microenvironment.
  • 742
  • 30 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Adipose Tissue and Physical Exercise
The study of adipose tissue has received considerable attention due to its importance not just in maintaining body energy homeostasis but also in playing a role in a number of other physiological processes. Beyond storing energy, adipose tissue is important in endocrine, immunological, and neuromodulatory functions, secreting hormones that participate in the regulation of energy homeostasis.
  • 253
  • 20 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Adipose Tissue in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease that primarily affects the joints. Organokines can produce beneficial or harmful effects in this condition. Among RA patients, organokines have been associated with increased inflammation and cartilage degradation due to augmented cytokines and metalloproteinases production, respectively. The adipose tissue (AT) is involved in the endocrine regulation of the body’s homeostasis and not only in the energetic homeostasis. Adipocytes drive the production and secretion of endocrine molecules (adipokines), which can control lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity, inflammation, fibrogenesis, immunological responses, liver fat deposition, and fibrogenesis. Adipokines were the first organokines related to the pathophysiology of RA, collaborating in the inflammatory response on the affected joints. Adipokines also play a relevant role in developing extra-articular inflammation-dependent manifestations of RA. In musculoskeletal disorders such as RA, adipokines were described as modulators of bones, synovial membranes, and cartilages activities. Additionally, higher levels of adipokines are encountered in both serum and synovial fluid in patients with RA than in those who are healthy.
  • 499
  • 10 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Adipose Tissue Macrophages in Obesity and Insulin Resistance
Obesity has become a worldwide epidemic that poses a severe threat to human health. Evidence suggests that many obesity comorbidities, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, steatohepatitis, and cardiovascular diseases, are related to obesity-induced chronic low-grade inflammation. Macrophages are the primary immune cells involved in obesity-associated inflammation in both mice and humans. Intensive research has yielded tremendous progress in the understanding of the additional roles of adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) beyond classical M1/M2 polarization in obesity and related comorbidities.
  • 720
  • 01 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Adipose Tissue-Derived Extracellular Vesicles
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are crucial elements that sustain the communication between tumor cells and their microenvironment, and have emerged as a widespread mechanism of tumor formation and metastasis. In obesity, the adipose tissue becomes hypertrophic and hyperplastic, triggering increased production of pro-inflammatory adipokines, such as tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 6, interleukin 1, and leptin.
  • 608
  • 11 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Cartilage Defects
Cartilage defects are a predisposing factor for osteoarthritis. Conventional therapies are mostly palliative and there is an interest in developing newer therapies that target the disease’s progression. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been suggested as a promising therapy to restore hyaline cartilage to cartilage defects, though the optimal cell source has remained under investigation. Establishing standardised methods for MSC extraction and delivery, and performing studies with long follow-up should enable future high-quality research to provide the evidence needed to bring AMSC-based therapies into the market.
  • 493
  • 13 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AMSCs) are more accessible and easier to collect from subcutaneous tissue, they can be collected in large quantities, with less morbidity of the patients, via lipoaspirates or adipose tissue biposy, they are easily isolated, and can simply be expanded in vitro. Moreover, AMSCs have been shown to be immunoprivileged, with low risk of rejection, and more genetically stable in long term culture, with a greater proliferative rate than BM-MSCs.
  • 460
  • 14 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Adipose-Derived Stem/Stromal Cells in Kidney Transplantation
Kidney transplantation (KT) is the gold standard treatment of end-stage renal disease. Among the many peri-operative complications that can jeopardize transplant outcomes, ischemia–reperfusion injury (IRI) deserves special consideration as it is associated with delayed graft function, acute rejection, and premature transplant loss. Adipose stem/stromal cells (ASCs) possess specific characteristics that could help prevent, reduce, or reverse IRI. 
  • 563
  • 22 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Adipose-Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Therapy for Retinal Diseases
With the rapid development of stem cell research in modern times, stem cell-based therapy has opened a new era of tissue regeneration, becoming one of the most promising strategies for currently untreatable retinal diseases. Among the various sources of stem cells, adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) have emerged as a promising therapeutic modality due to their characteristics and multiple functions, which include immunoregulation, anti-apoptosis of neurons, cytokine and growth factor secretion, and antioxidative activities. ADSCs can facilitate the replacement of dying cells, promote tissue remodeling and regeneration, and support the survival and growth of retinal cells. 
  • 144
  • 17 Nov 2023
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