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Topic Review
Targeting Epigenetic Modifications in UM
Uveal melanoma (UM), the most common intraocular malignancy in adults, is a rare subset of melanoma. Despite effective primary therapy, around 50% of patients will develop the metastatic disease. Several clinical trials have been evaluated for patients with advanced UM, though outcomes remain dismal due to the lack of efficient therapies. Epigenetic dysregulation consisting of aberrant DNA methylation, histone modifications, and small non-coding RNA expression, silencing tumor suppressor genes, or activating oncogenes, have been shown to play a significant role in UM initiation and progression. Given that there is no evidence any approach improves results so far, adopting combination therapies, incorporating a new generation of epigenetic drugs targeting these alterations, may pave the way for novel promising therapeutic options. Furthermore, the fusion of effector enzymes with nuclease-deficient Cas9 (dCas9) in clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) associated protein 9 (Cas9) system equips a potent tool for locus-specific erasure or establishment of DNA methylation as well as histone modifications and, therefore, transcriptional regulation of specific genes.
  • 926
  • 10 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Premature Ovarian Insufficiency and Infertility
Reproductive aging is on the rise globally and inseparable from the entire aging process. An extreme form of reproductive aging is premature ovarian insufficiency (POI), which to date has mostly been of idiopathic etiology, thus hampering further clinical applications and associated with enormous socioeconomic and personal costs. In the field of reproduction, timely diagnosis with a clear understanding of the various comorbidities that can arise from estrogen deficiency and the important functional role of inflammation-induced ovarian deterioration are research hotspots for appropriate counseling and preventing this prematurely ovarian aging disease. It is evident that more research is required to allow pre-emptive identification of the at-risk population and to identify mechanisms that, if addressed promptly, can prolong ovarian function and fertility.
  • 926
  • 30 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Soluble Factors and Receptors in Skin Innate Immunity
The pattern recognition receptors, complement system, inflammasomes, antimicrobial peptides, and cytokines are innate immunity soluble factors. They sense, either directly or indirectly, the potential threats and produce inflammation and cellular death. High interest in their modulation has emerged lately, acknowledging they are involved in many cutaneous inflammatory, infectious, and neoplastic disorders. We extensively reviewed the implication of soluble factors in skin innate immunity. Furthermore, we showed which molecules target these factors, how these molecules work and how they've been used in dermatological practice. Cytokine inhibitors have paved the way to a new era in treating moderate to severe psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. 
  • 925
  • 13 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Dental Education
Most dental educators have limited knowledge and skills to assess AI applications, as they were not trained to do so. Also, AI technology has evolved exponentially. Factual reliability and opportunities with OpenAI Inc.’s ChatGPT are considered critical inflection points in the era of generative AI. Updating curricula at dental institutions is inevitable as advanced deep-learning approaches take over the clinical areas of dentistry and reshape diagnostics, treatment planning, management, and telemedicine screening. With advances in AI language models, communication with patients will change, and the foundations of dental education, including essay, thesis, or scientific paper writing, will need to adapt. However, there is a growing concern about its ethical and legal implications, and further consensus is needed for the safe and responsible implementation of AI in dental education.
  • 925
  • 20 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Chronic Inflammation in PCOS
PCOS as the most common endocrine disorder of women in their reproductive age affects between 5–15% of the female population. Apart from its cardinal symptoms, like irregular and anovulatory cycles, hyperandrogenemia and a typical ultrasound feature of the ovary, obesity, and insulin resistance are often associated with the disease. Furthermore, PCOS represents a status of chronic inflammation with permanently elevated levels of inflammatory markers including IL-6 and IL-18, TNF-α, and CRP. Inflammation, as discovered only recently, consists of two processes occurring concomitantly: active initiation, involving “classical” mediators including prostaglandins and leukotrienes, and active resolution processes based on the action of so-called specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs). These novel lipid mediator molecules derive from the essential ω3-poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) DHA and EPA and are synthesized via specific intermediates. The role and benefits of SPMs in chronic inflammatory diseases like obesity, atherosclerosis, and Diabetes mellitus has become a subject of intense research during the last years and since PCOS features several of these pathologies, this review aims at summarizing potential roles of SPMs in this disease and their putative use as novel therapeutics. 
  • 925
  • 28 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Peptic Ulcer Bleeding and AI
Peptic ulcer bleeding (PUB) is a common gastrointestinal (GI) emergency requiring prompt assessment, with a mortality rate of 2–10%.
  • 925
  • 17 Sep 2021
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Pathogenesis of Glaucoma
Glaucoma, a neurodegenerative disease, has a varied pathogenesis scenario, including elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), and hypoxic conditions in the retina. Consequently, degenerating optic axons at the optic nerve head are observed clinically when extensive damage has already occurred. Following elevated IOP, changes in retinal ganglion cells lead to apoptosis immediately followed by degeneration of their optic axons. Degradation of axons leads to cupping of the optic nerve head and visual field losses. Here we emphasize that it is the retinal ganglion cells that are initial targets of elevated IOP, and, together with hyperactivity of retinal astrocytes, create the ischemic conditions which represent the earliest sign in the pathogenesis of glaucoma.
  • 925
  • 10 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Implementation of Lutetium-177 Therapy
Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) using Lutetium-177 (177Lu) based radiopharmaceuticals has emerged as a therapeutic area in the field of nuclear medicine and oncology, allowing for personalized medicine. Since the first market authorization in 2018 of [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-DOTATATE (Lutathera®) targeting somatostatin receptor type 2 in the treatment of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, intensive research has led to transfer innovative 177Lu containing pharmaceuticals to the clinic.
  • 925
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
Autism and Working Memory
Autism is a variation of neural development diagnosed as impaired social interaction and communication, and by restricted and repetitive behavior. In this article, the word autism is used for referring to the whole range of variations on the autism spectrum, which is not uncommon. Working memory is the system that actively holds multiple pieces of transitory information in the mind, where they can be manipulated. This system has a limited capacity. Working memory is a part of the executive functions (EF), an umbrella term for cognitive processes that regulate, control, and manage other cognitive processes, for instance planning and attention.
  • 924
  • 17 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Polyphenols and Stroke
Polyphenols are an important family of molecules of vegetal origin present in many medicinal and edible plants, which represent important alimentary sources in the human diet. Polyphenols are known for their beneficial health effects and have been investigated for their potential protective role against various pathologies, including cancer, brain dysfunctions, cardiovascular diseases and stroke.
  • 924
  • 15 Jan 2021
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