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Topic Review
Allergen Immunotherapy
Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is the sole disease-modifying treatment for allergic rhinitis; it prevents rhinitis from progressing to asthma and lowers medication use. AIT against mites, insect venom, and certain kinds of pollen is effective. The mechanism of action of AIT is based on inducing immunological tolerance characterized by increased IL-10, TGF-β, and IgG4 levels and Treg cell counts. However, AIT requires prolonged schemes of administration and is sometimes associated with adverse reactions. Over the last decade, novel forms of AIT have been developed, focused on better allergen identification, structural modifications to preserve epitopes for B or T cells, post-traductional alteration through chemical processes, and the addition of adjuvants. These modified allergens induce clinical-immunological effects similar to those mentioned above, increasing the tolerance to other related allergens but with fewer side effects. Clinical studies have shown that molecular AIT is efficient in treating grass and birch allergies. 
  • 676
  • 17 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Incidence of Post-Vasectomy Pain
Vasectomy is a form of permanent male contraception that blocks the transport of sperm out of the testis. Chronic post-vasectomy pain is a recognized complication but current literature shows lack of consensus regarding its frequency. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature indicate that the incidence of post-vasectomy pain is higher than previously reported estimates. Following traditional scalpel vasectomy, the incidence of post-vasectomy pain is more than three-fold higher than after non-scalpel vasectomy. Therefore, less invasive non-scalpel vasectomy should be considered as the preferred procedural method compared to the incisional scalpel approach.
  • 675
  • 27 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Grade 3 Neuroendocrine Tumors
Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) are most often located in the lung and in the digestive tract. They are defined by the expression of specific biomarkers, such as synaptophysin and chromogranin A (CGA), which can be absent in high-grade NEN. Grade 3 Neuroendocrine Tumors are a subgroup of NEN presenting with well-differentiated morphology and high proliferation rate (Ki-67>20%).
  • 676
  • 30 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Dietary Selenium Regulates microRNAs
Selenium (Se) is a metalloid element that fulfills important physiological functions within the necessary dose, but human health is also vulnerable to selenium deficiency or selenium excess.
  • 675
  • 12 May 2021
Topic Review
ICI-Based Combination Therapy for HCC
Advanced, unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma has a dismal outcome. Multiple immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting the programmed-cell death 1 pathway (PD-1/L1) have been approved for the treatment of advanced HCC. However, outcomes remain undesirable and unpredictable on a patient-to-patient basis. The combination of anti-PD-1/L1 with alternative agents, chiefly cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) ICIs or agents targeting other oncogenic pathways such as the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway and the c-MET pathway, has, in addition to the benefit of directly targeting alterative oncogenic pathways, in vitro evidence of synergism through altering the genomic and function signatures of T cells and expression of immune checkpoints. Several trials have been completed or are underway evaluating such combinations. Finally, studies utilizing transcriptomics and organoids are underway to establish biomarkers to predict ICI response. 
  • 675
  • 06 May 2021
Topic Review
Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection
Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is considered superior to endoscopic mucosal resection as an endoscopic resection because of its higher en bloc resection rate, but it is more difficult to perform. As ESD techniques have become more common, and the range of treatment by ESD has expanded, the number of possible complications has also increased, and endoscopists need to manage them.
  • 675
  • 18 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Staging Breast Cancer with Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer among women worldwide and represents one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) is a systemic treatment administered before surgery, whose indications have expanded from inoperable locally advanced to early-stage breast cancer. The pivotal role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with morphological and functional modalities is making headway in the assessment of tumor size in the staging, residual tumor, surgical planning and prediction of response. Radiomics and radiogenomics MRI applications in the setting of breast cancer NACT response prediction are continuously increasing. Tailored systemic therapy strategies allow considerations of treatment de-escalation in excellent responders and avoiding or at least postponing breast surgery in selected patients.
  • 675
  • 15 Dec 2022
Topic Review
COVID-19 and Autoimmune Liver Diseases
SARS-CoV-2 infection can trigger autoimmune responses, either by a systemic hyperstimulation of the immune system or molecular mimicry (or both). COVID-19 can activate a hyperstimulation of the immune system or, through the exposure to foreign peptides homologous to human peptides (molecular mimicry), contribute to the development of autoantibodies and autoimmune liver diseases.
  • 675
  • 01 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Diabetic Foot Ulcers: Promising Biomaterials for Wound Dressings
Diabetic Foot Ulcers (DFUs) are deep tissue lesions on the lower extremities, mainly associated with sustained hyperglycemia, peripheral neuropathy, and peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Globally, a lower limb is amputated every 20 to 30 s, with DFU being responsible for 85 to 95% of cases. Furthermore, individuals with DFUs typically display an increased risk of mortality, more than the double risk of those with DM without a DFU.
  • 675
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Chronic Spinal Cord Injury
Spinal cord injuries (SCI) are a devastating event and can lead to physical, psychosocial, and vocational implications for patients and their family. In the United States, approximately 288,000 individuals are estimated to suffer from symptoms caused by SCI, and a recent survey showed the annual incidence of SCI to be approximately 54 cases per one million people.
  • 675
  • 14 Jul 2021
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