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Topic Review
Treatment Advances in Sepsis and Septic Shock
Sepsis is defined as a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection, and it affects over 25 million people every year. Even more severe, septic shock is a subset of sepsis defined by persistent hypotension, and hospital mortality rates are higher than 40%. As new pathophysiological mechanisms have been uncovered, immunostimulatory therapy has emerged as a promising path forward. Highly investigated treatment strategies include cytokines and growth factors, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and even cellular therapies.
  • 332
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
Drug Delivery Approach to PCO Prophylaxis
Posterior capsule opacification (PCO) remains the most common cause of vision loss post cataract surgery. The clinical management of PCO formation is limited to either physical impedance of residual lens epithelial cells (LECs) by implantation of specially designed intraocular lenses (IOL) or laser ablation of the opaque posterior capsular tissues; however, these strategies cannot fully eradicate PCO and are associated with other ocular complications.
  • 326
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
DNA Methylation for Head and Neck Cancer
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a term collectively used to describe all cancers that develop in the oral and nasal cavities, the paranasal sinuses, the salivary glands, the pharynx, and the larynx.  A biomarker is a biological finding that stands in for and optimally forecasts a clinically related outcome or an intermediate result that is more difficult to detect. It is a specific characteristic that is measured as an indicator of the normal biological procedures, pathological mechanisms or responses to an exposure or interference. Recent evidence suggests that DNA methylation can alter the expression of genes in a way that it favors tumorigenesis and tumor progression in HNSCC, and therefore represents a potential source for biomarker identification.
  • 431
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
Theories on the Pathogenesis of Endometriosis
Endometriosis is a chronic disease, defined by abnormal presence of non-neoplastic endometrial glands and endometrial stroma outside the uterine mucosa. It is notable both for its undesirable clinical and economical consequences. Since endometriosis was described, several pathogenetic pathways have been proposed, including retrograde menstruation, so-called benign metastasis, immune dysregulation, coelomic metaplasia, hormonal disbalance, involvement of stem cells and alterations in epigenetic regulation. These theories are highlighted in the given entry. 
  • 367
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
Immune Responses in the Tumor Microenvironment
Immunotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that harnesses the power of the immune system to recognize and destroy cancer cells. The immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from harmful pathogens and abnormal cells, including cancer cells. Normally, the immune system can recognize and destroy cancer cells, but sometimes cancer cells can evade the immune system and continue to grow and spread. Immunotherapy works by enhancing the ability of the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells. 
  • 332
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
Strategies Targeting Mitochondrial Metabolism to Improve Cardiac Function
Heart failure (HF) is a condition in which heart function is insufficient to meet the body’s oxygen demand. It is not a specific cardiac disorder but rather a clinical syndrome characterized by increased intracardiac pressure and/ or reduced cardiac output resulting from diverse cardiac abnormalities. Therefore, HF may be the common end stage of numerous cardiovascular diseases, such as coronary artery disease, hypertension, cardiomyopathies, heart valve disease or a combination of these.
  • 412
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Therapy
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) and associated conditions are an important problem in modern medicine. The onset of IDD may be in childhood and adolescence in patients with a genetic predisposition. With age, IDD progresses, leading to spondylosis, spondylarthrosis, herniated disc, spinal canal stenosis. One of the leading mechanisms in the development of IDD and chronic back pain is an imbalance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. 
  • 407
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
5-Aminolevulinic Acid in Photodynamic Therapy
5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is a naturally occurring amino acid synthesized in all nucleated mammalian cells. As a porphyrin precursor, ALA is metabolized in the heme biosynthetic pathway to produce protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), a fluorophore and photosensitizing agent. ALA administered exogenously bypasses the rate-limit step in the pathway, resulting in PpIX accumulation in tumor tissues. Such tumor-selective PpIX disposition following ALA administration has been exploited for tumor fluorescence diagnosis and photodynamic therapy (PDT) with much success. Five ALA-based drugs have now received worldwide approval and are being used for managing very common human (pre)cancerous diseases such as actinic keratosis and basal cell carcinoma or guiding the surgery of bladder cancer and high-grade gliomas, making it the most successful drug discovery and development endeavor in PDT and photodiagnosis. 
  • 465
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
Visual Hallucinations in Migraine and Epilepsy
Since the earliest descriptions of the simple visual hallucinations in migraine patients and in subjects suffering from occipital lobe epilepsy, several important issues have arisen in recognizing epileptic seizures of the occipital lobe, which often present with symptoms mimicking migraine. A detailed quantitative and qualitative clinical scrutiny of timing and characteristics of visual impairment can contribute to avoiding mistakes. Differential diagnosis, in children, might be challenging because of the partial clinical, therapeutic, and pathophysiological overlaps between the two diseases that often coexist. Ictal elementary visual hallucinations are defined by color, shape, size, location, movement, speed of appearance and duration, frequency, and associated symptoms and their progression. The evaluation of the distinctive clinical features of visual aura in migraine and visual hallucinations in occipital epilepsy could contribute to understanding the pathogenetic mechanisms of these two conditions. 
  • 523
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
The Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy
The definition of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) encompasses a spectrum of conditions that extends from gestational hypertension to preeclampsia (PE), eclampsia, and to hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet-count syndrome (HELLP). Other anomalies are non-uniformly aggregated in this family of diseases; this is the case for isolated or pregnancy-induced proteinuria (in normotensive pregnancies) and fetal growth restriction (FGR), which have, however, been demonstrated to predict the risk of developing PE during gestation as well as the risk of adverse short- and long-term maternal-fetal outcomes, including the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD)
  • 581
  • 04 May 2023
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