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Topic Review
Complete-Arch Implant-Supported Fixed Monolithic Zirconia Restorations
In full-arch rehabilitation with implant-supported fixed prostheses, using monolithic zirconia seems to have several advantages regarding function and esthetics. However, the current scientific evidence is still limited.
  • 275
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Bone Marrow Transplantation in Thalassemia
Allogeneic stem cell transplantation remains the only therapy for congenital, severe haemoglobinopathies that is able to reverse the pathological phenotype. In the severe form of thalassemia, regular transfusions are needed early in life. This population of patients could benefit from allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT). However, the great efficacy of transplantation must be counterbalanced by the mortality and morbidity related to the procedure. 
  • 243
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Neonatal Diabetes and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Neonatal diabetes (NDM) is rare and presents in infants up to 6 months of age. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), characterized by increased peripheral insulin resistance (IR), may cause fetal complications, including weight gain, glucose intolerance, and death. However, its effect on NDM remains uncertain.
  • 414
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Regulating Airway Surface Liquid pH through Inflammation
The airway surface liquid (ASL) is a thin sheet of fluid that covers the luminal aspect of the airway epithelium. The ASL is a site of several first-line host defenses, and its composition is a key factor that determines respiratory fitness. Specifically, the acid–base balance of ASL has a major influence on the vital respiratory defense processes of mucociliary clearance and antimicrobial peptide activity against inhaled pathogens. In the inherited disorder cystic fibrosis (CF), loss of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) anion channel function reduces HCO3− secretion, lowers the pH of ASL (pHASL), and impairs host defenses. These abnormalities initiate a pathologic process whose hallmarks are chronic infection, inflammation, mucus obstruction, and bronchiectasis. Inflammation is particularly relevant as it develops early in CF and persists despite highly effective CFTR modulator therapy. Inflammation may alter HCO3− and H+ secretion across the airway epithelia and thus regulate pHASL. Moreover, inflammation may enhance the restoration of CFTR channel function in CF epithelia exposed to clinically approved modulators. 
  • 336
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Epigenetic Mechanisms in the Regulating of PPARγ Function
Contrary to genetic changes in heritability, epigenetics is the study of heritable modifications in gene activity that do not involve direct alteration of the underlying DNA sequences. Epigenetics determines the architecture of chromatin in cell nucleus, and therefore affects specific genomic sequences accessible to cellular regulatory machineries. The epigenome is susceptible to dysregulation throughout life but is highly vulnerable to environmental factors during fetal life since this is a period of rapid DNA synthesis. 
  • 371
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
MRD in Autografts Might Predict Clinical Outcome
Proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulatory drugs, anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies (triple class drugs), and autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) are promising myeloma treatments that have resulted in minimal residual disease (MRD) negativity and improvement in the bone marrow microenvironment.
  • 364
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver cirrhosis leads to clinically significant portal hypertension. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) has been shown to effectively reduce the degree of portal hypertension and treat its complications. Poor nutritional status has been shown to be associated with hepatic encephalopathy, acute on chronic liver failure, and mortality following TIPS placement. 
  • 232
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Various Adeno-Associated Viruses Serotypes in Gene Therapy
Depending on their serotype, adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) can have specific tropism for specific organs and tissues of the body. There are different AAV serotypes that vary in many aspects. A variety of AAV features have made it an appealing viral vector candidate to be used in gene therapy applications. 
  • 300
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Type 2 Diabetes with Metabolic Syndrome in Youth
In the frame of metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes emerges along a continuum of the risk from the clustering of all its components, namely visceral obesity, high blood pressure and lipids, and impaired glucose homeostasis. Insulin resistance is the hallmark common to all the components and, in theory, is a reversible condition. Nevertheless, the load that this condition can exert on the β-cell function at the pubertal transition is such as to determine its rapid and irreversible deterioration leading to plain diabetes.
  • 303
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
The Role of Urinary Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin
Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is the most frequent congenital urinary tract malformation and an important risk factor for urinary tract infections (UTIs). Up to 50% of children with VUR may develop reflux nephropathy (RN), and the diagnosis and monitoring of renal scars are invasive and costly procedures, so it is paramount to find a non-invasive and accurate method to predict the risk of renal damage. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) has already proven to be a good predictive biomarker in acute kidney injuries.
  • 388
  • 06 May 2023
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