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Topic Review
A History of Myology
Myology is the science that studies muscles, their physical structure, type of fibers, specific function, and the connections with nerves and between different muscle groups. Interest in Myology includes also neuromuscular disorders. For most of the 20th century, Myology was considered a part of Neurology, while currently it is recognized as an autonomous discipline both at the research and the medical level. From a research point of view, we have witnessed the birth and flourishing of new scientific societies, such as the European Society for Muscle Research (1970), the Mediterranean Society of Myology (1993), the World Muscle Society (1995), the Institute of Myology (1996), the Italian Association of Myology (2000), the British Myology Society (2009), the French Society of Myology(2011), and numerous conferences concerning neuromuscular disorders, In particular, the annual meetings of the World Muscle Society and the Italian Association of Myology will have this year at their future meetings respectively in Charleston and Padova.
  • 913
  • 09 May 2023
Topic Review
Autoimmunity and Mitochondria
Although previously restricted to a limited number of medical conditions, there is a growing appreciation that ‘autoimmune’ (or immune-mediated) processes are important aspects of a wide array of diverse medical conditions, including cancers, neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders. All of these classes of medical conditions are associated with alterations in mitochondrial function across an array of diverse cell types. Accumulating data indicate the presence of the mitochondrial melatonergic pathway in possibly all body cells, with important consequences for pathways crucial in driving CD8+ T cell and B-cell ‘autoimmune’-linked processes. Melatonin suppression coupled with the upregulation of oxidative stress suppress PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1)/parkin-driven mitophagy, raising the levels of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-1, which underpins the chemoattraction of CD8+ T cells and the activation of antibody-producing B-cells. Many factors and processes closely associated with autoimmunity, including gut microbiome/permeability, circadian rhythms, aging, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor tyrosine receptor kinase B (TrkB) all interact with the mitochondrial melatonergic pathway. A number of future research directions and novel treatment implications are indicated for this wide collection of poorly conceptualized and treated medical presentations.
  • 340
  • 09 May 2023
Topic Review
Infection in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
The term chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) may not be precise in distinguishing various pulmonary conditions, including asthma, which can pose difficulties in distinguishing asthma from COPD, particularly among smokers and older adults. Moreover, some patients may exhibit clinical features that are common to both asthma and COPD. The diagnosis of pneumonia based solely on clinical signs and laboratory data can be challenging, given the variability of clinical presentations, particularly in the presence of chronic respiratory illness. The literature on COPD often lacks clarity in defining, documenting, classifying, and attributing pneumonia events in terms of severity. Furthermore, variations in the methods used to document and evaluate pneumonia across different countries can contribute to the variability in reported incidence rates, making cross-trial comparisons problematic. Patients with severe forms of COPD may experience exacerbations that can be challenging to differentiate clinically and radiographically from pneumonia, resulting in an overestimation of the number of pneumonia cases in these trials.
  • 257
  • 09 May 2023
Topic Review
Probiotics as Potential Therapy in NAFLD
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent chronic liver disease with an increasing prevalence, especially in Western countries. Supplementation with probiotics, live microorganisms, is a potential strategy for the management of NAFLD.
  • 465
  • 09 May 2023
Topic Review
Cannabinoids in Biological Specimens
Cannabinoids are still the most consumed drugs of abuse worldwide. Despite being considered less harmful to human health, particularly if compared with opiates or cocaine, cannabis consumption has important medico-legal and public health consequences.
  • 268
  • 09 May 2023
Topic Review
Guidelines of Animal Models for Platelet-Rich Fibrin Production
Conducting experimental research is crucial in advancing medical knowledge and improving patient outcomes. This includes preclinical assessments such as in vitro and in vivo studies. Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), a blood by-product, has garnered attention in the medical and dental fields due to its potential for tissue regeneration and wound healing. Animal models, such as rabbits and rats, have been utilized to create PRF and investigate its properties and applications. PRF has shown promise in reducing inflammation, promoting tissue repair, and expediting wound healing in the dental and medical fields.
  • 369
  • 09 May 2023
Topic Review
Use of Letermovir for Cytomegalovirus Prophylaxis
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (allo-HSCT) is mainly due to an increase of latent viremia in previously exposed patients. Furthermore, CMV reactivation in this setting has a significant impact on patient survival. Traditional approach to CMV reactivation post allo-HSCT was a pre-emptive treatment with antivirals in the case of increased viremia. A new antiviral compound, letermovir, has been introduced in clinical practice and is deeply changing the common CMV approach. The toxicity profile of letermovir allowed its use in prophylaxes in patients at high risk of CMV reactivation.
  • 373
  • 09 May 2023
Topic Review
Functional Mitral Regurgitation and Tricuspid Regurgitation
Functional mitral regurgitation (FMR) and tricuspid regurgitation (FTR) occur due to cardiac remodeling in the presence of structurally normal valve apparatus. Two main mechanisms are involved, distinguishing an atrial functional form (when annulus dilatation is predominant) and a ventricular form (when ventricular remodeling and dysfunction predominate). Both affect the prognosis of patients with heart failure (HF) across the entire spectrum of left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF), including preserved (HFpEF), mildly reduced (HFmrEF), or reduced (HFrEF).
  • 402
  • 09 May 2023
Topic Review
Chemical Structures and Biological Activities of of Aplysinopsins
Marine products are among the most promising sources of biologically active molecules. Aplysinopsins, tryptophan-derived marine natural products, were isolated from different natural marine sources including sponges, stony corals (hard corals) especially genus scleractinian, as well as sea anemone, in addition to one nudibranch. Aplysinopsins were reported to be isolated from different marine organisms related to various geographic areas such as Pacific, Indonesia, Caribbean, and Mediterranean regions.
  • 226
  • 09 May 2023
Topic Review
Therapeutic Implications of Splanchnic Vein Thrombosis
Splanchnic vein thrombosis (SVT) includes portal (portal vein thrombosis, PVT), mesenteric (mesenteric vein thrombosis, MVT) and splenic vein thrombosis, and Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS). SVT is generally classified as secondary to an identified risk factor or primitive, unprovoked, when causative factors cannot be identified. While much rarer than common venous thromboembolism (VTE), SVT is often challenging to clinicians for both the identification of the causal disorder and for its therapeutic management. The therapeutic approach of SVT is a clinical challenge and considers the manifestations and the site of thrombosis, the risk of SVT progression, recurrence and bleeding. The decision regarding when to start, as well as the type and the duration of anticoagulant therapy is often made empirically.
  • 353
  • 09 May 2023
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