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Topic Review
Inflammation-Driven Colorectal Cancer Associated with Colitis
Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC), mainly because of chronic intestinal inflammation. Some unique molecular differences occur in colitis-associated CRC, resulting in a different sequence of events, primarily of inflammation–dysplasia–carcinoma, compared to sporadic cases.
  • 502
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
APJ in Myocardial Infarction- and Hypertension-Induced Heart Failure
The widely expressed G protein-coupled apelin receptor (APJ) is activated by two bioactive endogenous peptides, apelin and ELABELA (ELA). The apelin/ELA-APJ-related pathway has been found involved in the regulation of many physiological and pathological cardiovascular processes. Increasing studies are deepening the role of the APJ pathway in limiting hypertension and myocardial ischaemia, thus reducing cardiac fibrosis and adverse tissue remodelling, outlining APJ regulation as a potential therapeutic target for heart failure prevention.
  • 349
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
PI3K/AKT/mTOR in Renal Cancer
Renal cancer is a group of several tumors that develop in the kidney, each with a unique histology and clinical evolution, each responding differently to treatment, and each determined by a different gene mutation. A wide range of cellular processes, including survival, proliferation, growth, metabolism, angiogenesis, and metastasis, are regulated by the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase PI3K/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway, which is overactivated in different cancer types by molecular abnormalities.
  • 191
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
Fisetin in Cancer
Fisetin is a flavonoid naturally occurring in various plants that possesses anticancer activity. It has the power to stop cancers from growing quickly, becoming invasive, and spreading to multiple tissues.
  • 546
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
Familial Hypercholesterolemia and Acute Coronary Syndromes
Familial hypercholesterolemia is a common genetic disorder with a propensity towards early onset of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD). The main goal of therapy is to reduce the LDL cholesterol and the treatment generally consists of statin, ezetimibe and PCSK9 inhibitors. Unfortunately, lowering LDL cholesterol may be difficult for many reasons such as the variation of response to statin therapy among the population or the high cost of some therapies (i.e., PCSK9 inhibitors). 
  • 218
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
Cytochrome P450
Tryptophan is metabolized along three main metabolic pathways, namely the kynurenine, serotonin and indole pathways. The majority of tryptophan is transformed via the kynurenine pathway, catalyzed by tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase or indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase, leading to neuroprotective kynurenic acid or neurotoxic quinolinic acid. Serotonin synthesized by tryptophan hydroxylase, and aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase enters the metabolic cycle: serotonin → N-acetylserotonin → melatonin → 5-methoxytryptamine→serotonin. Recent studies indicate that serotonin can also be synthesized by cytochrome P450 (CYP), via the CYP2D6-mediated 5-methoxytryptamine O-demethylation, while melatonin is catabolized by CYP1A2, CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 via aromatic 6-hydroxylation and by CYP2C19 and CYP1A2 via O-demethylation. In gut microbes, tryptophan is metabolized to indole and indole derivatives. Some of those metabolites act as activators or inhibitors of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, thus regulating the expression of CYP1 family enzymes, xenobiotic metabolism and tumorigenesis. The indole formed in this way is further oxidized to indoxyl and indigoid pigments by CYP2A6, CYP2C19 and CYP2E1. The products of gut-microbial tryptophan metabolism can also inhibit the steroid-hormone-synthesizing CYP11A1. In plants, CYP79B2 and CYP79B3 were found to catalyze N-hydroxylation of tryptophan to form indole-3-acetaldoxime while CYP83B1 was reported to form indole-3-acetaldoxime N-oxide in the biosynthetic pathway of indole glucosinolates, considered to be defense compounds and intermediates in the biosynthesis of phytohormones. Thus, cytochrome P450 is engaged in the metabolism of tryptophan and its indole derivatives in humans, animals, plants and microbes, producing biologically active metabolites which exert positive or negative actions on living organisms. Some tryptophan-derived metabolites may influence cytochrome P450 expression, affecting cellular homeostasis and xenobiotic metabolism.
  • 625
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
Management of Fibro-Stenosing Crohn’s Disease
Fibro-stenosing Crohn’s disease (CD) is a common disease presentation that leads to impaired quality of life and often requires endoscopic treatments or surgery. Managing the treatment of individuals with fibro-stenosing CD is challenging and requires a multidisciplinary team comprising a gastroenterologist, a colorectal surgeon, and a radiologist to evaluate the appropriate strategy. The optimal therapeutic approach changes according to the features of the stenosis (i.e., location, length, angulation), the presence of any associated complications (i.e., fistula, abscess, dysplasia), and the patient’s preference.
  • 316
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
Central Nervous System Receptors and Mental Disorders
Mental illnesses are a global health challenge, and effective medicines are needed to treat these conditions. Psychotropic drugs are commonly prescribed to manage mental disorders, such as schizophrenia, but unfortunately, they can cause significant and undesirable side effects, such as myocarditis, erectile dysfunction, and obesity.
  • 308
  • 09 May 2023
Topic Review
Mechanisms of Oxidative Stress in Metabolic Syndrome
Metabolic syndrome is characterized by abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, insulin resistance, a proinflammatory and prothrombotic state, atherogenic dyslipidemia , and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Metabolic syndrom is mediated by oxidative stress and inflammation. Although the mechanisms are complicated and not very clear, this entry elucidates the mechanisms and pathways that drive oxidative stress in contributing to metabolic syndrome.
  • 617
  • 09 May 2023
Topic Review
Wearable Point-of-Care Devices
Personalized point-of-care testing (POCT) devices, such as wearable sensors, enable quick access to health monitoring without the use of complex instruments. Wearable sensors are gaining popularity owing to their ability to offer regular and continuous monitoring of physiological data by dynamic, non-invasive assessments of biomarkers in biofluids such as tear, sweat, interstitial fluid and saliva. 
  • 811
  • 09 May 2023
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