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Topic Review
Palliative Care and Multi-Agent Systems
Palliative care is intended to relieve caregivers of physical, psychological, and even spiritual elements of care. One of the most prevalent issues facing this form of care is a lack of healthcare resources and structures to deal with an aging population. This aging population is placing a strain on the healthcare system, prompting a need for a shift in system management. A potential answer to this issue may be the Multi-Agent System (MAS). This category of computerized networking system was created by programmers to gather relevant health information on a patient and allow for the system to act with other agents to decide the best course for disease management. It can also allow for a multidisciplinary healthcare team to make more informed plans of actions for their patients by providing accurate and up-to-date information resulting from a greater synergetic mesh. MASs could fulfill the demands of a rising chronic illness population and deliver high-quality care, indicating a major paradigm shift within the US.
  • 290
  • 15 May 2023
Topic Review
Photodynamic, Photothermal and Photoimmune Therapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Liver cancer is a malignancy that includes the structure of the liver and intrahepatic bile ducts and is classified as follows: hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, hepatic angiosarcoma (hemangiosarcoma), hepatoblastoma, and fibrolamellar carcinoma. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), known also as hepatoma, is the most common type of primary liver neoplasm. HCC is known today as a major malignant disease with high morbidity and mortality, which seriously threatens the health and life span of patients. Conventional cancer therapies comprise surgical procedures, radiation therapy and chemotherapy, which may be efficient but have significant adverse effects. Newer, more prominent cancer-targeted action plans, such as the phototherapy methods including photodynamic therapy (PDT), photothermal therapy (PTT), and photoimmunotherapy (PIT), have sparked excitement and hope as synergistic multimodal cancer therapies, incorporating nanomedicine to overcome the biological barriers and to help treat cancer patients. 
  • 256
  • 15 May 2023
Topic Review
Conventional Liposomal Formulation Methods
Liposome-based drug delivery systems are nanosized spherical lipid bilayer carriers that can encapsulate a broad range of small drug molecules (hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs) and large drug molecules (peptides, proteins, and nucleic acids). They have unique characteristics, such as a self-assembling bilayer vesicular structure. There are various methods used in the preparation of lipid-based nanocarriers such as liposomes. The method of preparation affects critical parameters such as size of vesicle and size distribution, permeability, lamellarity, and entrapment efficiency. Entrapment of compounds is performed by two main techniques; passive loading where drug entrapment occurs during the liposome formation, and active loading where drug entrapment is after the liposome formation.
  • 2.0K
  • 15 May 2023
Topic Review
PTPRZ1 in Cancer Therapy and Diagnosis
Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor zeta 1 (PTPRZ1) belongs to the type V transmembrane TPs and has three known splicing variants: PTPRZ-A, which is a full-length receptor form; PTPRZ-B, which is a shorter receptor form that has a deletion in the extracellular region compared to PTPRZ-A, and PTPRZ-S, which is a secretory variant of PTPRZ-A known as 6B4 proteoglycan/phosphacan. The transmembrane isoforms share common structural characteristics, such as an extracellular carbonic anhydrase-like domain at the N-terminal of the receptor, followed by a fibronectin type III (FNIII)-like domain, a transmembrane region, two TP catalytic domains, and a C-terminal PDZ-binding motif. The shorter PTPRZ-B isoform lacks exon 12, which encodes 860 amino acids in the extracellular domain following the FNIII domain and forms a Ser-Gly-rich region for glycosaminoglycan attachment. 
  • 287
  • 15 May 2023
Topic Review
Immune Mechanisms of Atherosclerosis Pathogenesis
The term ‘atherosclerosis’ comes from the Greek words ‘athero’, which means gruel or paste, and ‘sclerosis’, which means hardness. Atherosclerosis is a disease that is genetically intended for everyone who reaches a certain age, and its complications, primarily coronary heart disease and stroke are the main causes of death in developed countries. Atherosclerosis can be characterized as an independent form of inflammation, sharing similarities but also having fundamental differences from low-grade inflammation and various variants of canonical inflammation (classic vasculitis).
  • 284
  • 15 May 2023
Topic Review
Sirt3 and Neurodegenerative Diseases
An NAD+-dependent deacetylase called Sirtuin 3 (Sirt3) is involved in the metabolic processes of the mitochondria, including energy generation, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and oxidative stress. Sirt3 activation can slow down or prevent mitochondrial dysfunction in response to neurodegenerative disorders, demonstrating a strong neuroprotective impact. The mechanism of Sirt3 in neurodegenerative illnesses has been elucidated over time; it is essential for neuron, astrocyte, and microglial function, and its primary regulatory factors include antiapoptosis, oxidative stress, and the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis. Sirt3 plays a key part in the central nervous system (CNS)  and participates in the regulation of the physiological and pathological functions of various nerve cells. Many of these mechanisms are closely related to neurodegeneration, implying that Sirt3 is a key regulatory molecule in neurodegenerative diseases.
  • 443
  • 15 May 2023
Topic Review
Ultrathin-Strut Stents
Studies have shown a lower risk of very late stent thrombosis with developing second-generation DESs with biocompatible and biodegradable polymers or without polymers altogether. In addition, research has indicated that thinner struts are associated with a reduced risk of intrastent restenosis and angiographic and clinical results. A drug-eluting stents (DES) with ultrathin struts (strut thickness of 70 µm) is more flexible, facilitates better tracking, and is more crossable than a conventional second-generation DES. The question is whether ultrathin eluting drug stents suit all kinds of lesions. 
  • 463
  • 15 May 2023
Topic Review
HIV and Drug-Resistant Subtypes
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a human viral infectious disease caused by the positive-sense single-stranded (ss) RNA Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) (Retroviridae family, Ortervirales order). HIV-1 can be distinguished into various worldwide spread groups and subtypes. HIV-2 also causes human immunodeficiency, which develops slowly and tends to be less aggressive. HIV-2 only partially homologates to HIV-1 despite the similar derivation. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is the treatment approved to control HIV infection, based on multiple antiretroviral drugs that belong to different classes: (i) NNRTIs, (ii) NRTIs, (iii) PIs, (iv) INSTIs, and (v) entry inhibitors. These drugs, acting on different stages of the HIV life cycle, decrease the patient’s total burden of HIV, maintain the function of the immune system, and prevent opportunistic infections.
  • 239
  • 15 May 2023
Topic Review
Transvaginal Ultrasound Accuracy in the Hydrosalpinx Diagnosis
Hydrosalpinx is a condition with a crucial prognostic role in reproduction, and its diagnosis by a non-invasive technique such as ultrasound is key in achieving an adequate reproductive assessment while avoiding unnecessary laparoscopies. 
  • 517
  • 15 May 2023
Topic Review
Effects of Photobiomodulation in Sports Performance
Photobiomodulation (PBM) is a non-thermal treatment that uses sources of non-ionizing light, such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs), lasers and broad spectrum light in the visible to infrared portion of the spectrum. The use of PBM triggers reactions photophysically and photochemically in various tissues in the human body by interacting with chromophores.
  • 283
  • 15 May 2023
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