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Topic Review
Anthocyanins as a Potential Natural Antidiabetic
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by abnormal blood glucose levels-hyperglycemia, caused by a lack of insulin secretion, impaired insulin action, or a combination of both. The incidence of DM is increasing, resulting in billions of dollars in annual healthcare costs worldwide. Therapeutics aim to control hyperglycemia and reduce blood glucose levels to normal. However, most modern drugs have numerous side effects, some of which cause severe kidney and liver problems. On the other hand, natural compounds rich in anthocyanidins (cyanidin, delphinidin, malvidin, pelargonidin, peonidin, and petunidin) have also been used for the prevention and treatment of DM.
  • 486
  • 16 May 2023
Topic Review
Chitosan-Based Nano-Smart Drug Delivery System in Breast Cancer
Chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) have prospects as a revolutionary delivery system capable of enhancing anticancer drug activity and reducing negative impacts on normal cells. The use of smart drug delivery systems (SDDs) as delivering materials to improve the bioactivity of NPs and to understand the intricacies of breast cancer has garnered significant interest. 
  • 461
  • 16 May 2023
Topic Review
GSH Protects Cells against Stress through Multiple Pathways
Methionine (Met) and cysteine (Cys) are the only sulfur-containing amino acids, and Cys can be synthesized through the transsulfuration reaction associated with Met metabolism. Met is metabolized to S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), which provides either the carbon backbone for polyamines or methyl groups for some other compounds, including DNA . Meanwhile, Cys comes from extracellular sources or is the product of the transsulfuration reaction and then becomes the precursor for sulfur-containing components or mediators. These include glutathione (GSH), taurine, coenzyme A, hydrogen sulfide, iron–sulfur [Fe–S] cluster, and persulfides.
  • 366
  • 16 May 2023
Topic Review
Immunotherapy Targets in Neuroblastoma
Neuroblastoma is a common childhood tumor that mainly affects young children, especially toddlers, and, with a survival rate in high-risk patients of less than 50%. Treatment for high-risk neuroblastoma involves a combination of induction chemotherapy, most commonly doxorubicin, surgical tumor resection, stem cell transplantation, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy.
  • 207
  • 16 May 2023
Topic Review
Ellagic Acid and Polyphenols of Punica granatum L.
Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is a rich source of polyphenols, including ellagitannins and ellagic acid. The plant is used in traditional medicine, and its purified components can provide anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity and support of host defenses during viral infection and recovery from disease. Pomegranate extracts, ellagitannins and ellagic acid are promising agents to target the SARS-CoV-2 virus and to restrict the host inflammatory response to viral infections, as well as to supplement the depleted host antioxidant levels during the stage of recovery from COVID-19.
  • 301
  • 16 May 2023
Topic Review
Development of Nanovaccine against Toxoplasma gondii
Nanoparticles include particles ranging in size from nanometers to micrometers, whose physicochemical characteristics are optimized to make them appropriate delivery vehicles for drugs or immunogens important in the fight and/or prevention of infectious diseases. There has been a rise in the use of nanoparticles in preventive vaccine formulations as immunostimulatory adjuvants, and as vehicles for immunogen delivery to target immune cells. Toxoplasma is important worldwide, and may cause human toxoplasmosis. In immunocompetent hosts, infection is usually asymptomatic, but in immunocompromised patients it can cause serious neurological and ocular consequences, such as encephalitis and retinochoroiditis. Primary infection during pregnancy may cause abortion or congenital toxoplasmosis. There is no effective human vaccine against this disease. Evidence has emerged from several experimental studies testing nanovaccines showing them to be promising tools in the prevention of experimental toxoplasmosis.
  • 332
  • 16 May 2023
Topic Review
Bioeffects of Piezoelectric Materials and Piezoelectric Nanomaterials
Piezoelectric materials have emerged as promising candidates for medical applications due to their unique piezoelectric properties, which enable stress-induced electric activation and can be triggered by external mechanical sources. Piezoelectric nanomaterials, which can be standalone materials or composites, exhibit unique physical properties such as electric field strength and dielectric constant, biological properties such as targeting and biocompatibility, chemical properties of composition and stability, etc. 
  • 485
  • 16 May 2023
Topic Review
Ferroptotic Pathway
Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent form of programmed cell death. Defined by a novel term for the first time by Dixon et al. in 2012, it has been studied before and has been described in the last decade as a different type of cell death with respect to apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy, from which it differs from genetic, biochemical, and morphological point of views.
  • 250
  • 16 May 2023
Topic Review
From Infection to Viral Persistence of HBV
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a virus belonging to the Hepadnaviridae family, characterized by an incomplete double-stranded circular DNA included in an enveloped virion. It can be repaired by an endogenous DNA-polymerase, which can incorporate nucleotides into the genome. Transmission occurs parenterally, and we can find the virus in potentially every body fluid, with a higher concentration in the blood and exudates and a lower concentration in saliva, semen, and vaginal secretions.
  • 298
  • 16 May 2023
Topic Review
Drug Characteristics of Ketamine
Pain is the leading cause of medical consultations and occurs in 50–70% of emergency department visits. To date, several drugs have been used to manage pain. The clinical use of ketamine began in the 1960s and it immediately emerged as a manageable and safe drug for sedation and anesthesia. 
  • 426
  • 16 May 2023
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