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Topic Review
Treatment of Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Left ventricular outflow obstruction (LVOTO) and diastolic dysfunction are the main pathophysiological characteristics of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)LVOTO, may be identified in more than half of HCM patients and represents an important determinant of symptoms and a predictor of worse prognosis.  Treatment of LVOTO is indicated in patients with lifestyle-limiting symptoms only. Negative inotropic and chronotropic medications are indicated as the first-line therapy. If patients remain symptomatic, or remain in the presence of side effects, surgery is suggested only when performed in experienced centers.
  • 282
  • 30 May 2023
Topic Review
T-Cell Engagers in Solid Cancers
There are multiple strategies to target cancer cells, and among the rapidly evolving field is the use of bispecific antibodies and T-cell engagers in the treatment of cancers. These drugs work by recruiting and activating T-cells, a type of white blood cell, to recognize and attack cancer cells. These agents consist of two different antibody fragments: one that binds to a tumor antigen on cancer cells and another that binds to the CD3 receptor on T-cells.
  • 340
  • 30 May 2023
Topic Review
Chemo-Immunotherapy in Cancer Treatment
Chemoimmunotherapy is an emerging treatment option for cancer that combines traditional chemotherapy with immunotherapy. This approach aims to increase the efficacy of cancer treatment by simultaneously targeting cancer cells through chemotherapy and boosting the immune system’s ability to fight cancer through immunotherapy.
  • 284
  • 30 May 2023
Topic Review
Pharmacogenetics of Antidepressants
Pharmacotherapy for neuropsychiatric disorders, such as depression, has been characterized by significant inter-individual variability in drug response and the development of side effects. Pharmacogenetics, as a key part of personalized medicine, aims to optimize therapy according to a patient’s individual genetic signature by targeting genetic variations involved in pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic processes. Pharmacokinetic variability refers to variations in a drug’s absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination, whereas pharmacodynamic variability results from variable interactions of an active drug with its target molecules.
  • 265
  • 29 May 2023
Topic Review
Targeted Therapies in Small Cell Lung Cancer
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a high-grade neuroendocrine tumour accounting for 15% of lung malignant neoplasms. SCLC has been considered “a graveyard for drug development” for a long time, with chemotherapy still representing the standard treatment across different lines of therapy. Differently from NSCLC, identifying actionable targets in SCLC has been challenging, also because most common molecular alterations regard either TP53 or RB1 genes that are currently considered pharmacologically untargetable. Several attempts have been made in the past with clinical trials investigating tailored inhibitors against different potential targets, such as mTOR, cKIT, MET, BCL-2, etc., overall failing to show any sign of activity in SCLC patients. 
  • 273
  • 29 May 2023
Topic Review
NAFLD and Reduced Bone Mineral Density
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is reaching epidemic proportions worldwide. Moreover, the prevalence of this liver disease is expected to increase rapidly in the near future, aligning with the rise in obesity and the aging of the population. The pathogenesis of NAFLD is considered to be complex and to include the interaction between genetic, metabolic, inflammatory, and environmental factors. It is well documented that NAFLD is linked to the other conditions common to insulin resistance, such as abnormal lipid levels, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Additionally, it is considered that the insulin resistance may be one of the main mechanisms determining the disturbances in both bone tissue metabolism and skeletal muscles quality and functions in patients with NAFLD. 
  • 208
  • 29 May 2023
Topic Review
Irinotecan as an Anticancer Drug
Irinotecan (SN-38) is a potent and broad-spectrum anticancer drug that targets DNA topoisomerase I (Top1). It exerts its cytotoxic effects by binding to the Top1-DNA complex and preventing the re-ligation of the DNA strand, leading to the formation of lethal DNA breaks. Following the initial response to irinotecan, secondary resistance is acquired relatively rapidly, compromising its efficacy. There are several mechanisms contributing to the resistance, which affect the irinotecan metabolism or the target protein. 
  • 279
  • 29 May 2023
Topic Review
Development of the Colorectal Cancer Obstructive Mechanism
The spontaneous evolution of colorectal cancer is always burdened by complications. The most common complication is low bowel obstruction, found in approximately 20% of the cases of colorectal cancer, and it can occur either relatively abruptly, or is preceded by initially discrete premonitory symptoms, non-specific (until advanced evolutionary stages) and generally neglected or incorrectly interpreted. Success in the complex treatment of a low neoplastic obstruction is conditioned by a complete diagnosis, adequate pre-operative preparation, a surgical act adapted to the case (in one, two or three successive stages), and dynamic postoperative care. The moment of surgery should be chosen with great care and is the result of the experience of the anesthetic-surgical team. The operative act must be adapted to the case and has as its main objective the resolution of intestinal obstruction and only in a secondary way the resolution of the generating disease.
  • 474
  • 29 May 2023
Topic Review
Different Interventions for Osteoarthritis Rehabilitation
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common disease among the human population worldwide. OA causes functional impairment, leads to disability and poses serious socioeconomic burden. The rehabilitation offers a function-oriented method to reduce the disability using diverse interventions (kinesiotherapy, physical therapy, occupational therapy, education, and pharmacotherapy). 
  • 337
  • 29 May 2023
Topic Review
Electrocardiogram-AI and Cardiovascular System
The electrocardiogram (ECG) is among the most commonly utilized clinical tests for patient monitoring and assessment because it is easy to acquire and provides extensive information about patients’ cardiac health. Instead, continuous, real-time, remote monitoring allows for a more rigorous oversight of patients’ conditions, even compared to in-hospital observation. Wearable devices to address monitoring are now a prominent focus of industry, which in turn provides strong motivation for applying artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms to ECG signals for automated disease detection and prediction.
  • 413
  • 29 May 2023
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