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Topic Review
Molecular Targeted Therapies in Metastatic Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer is the second most frequent cancer in males (15.1%) and the fifth cause of cancer-related death (6.83%) in men worldwide. Although the traditional treatment approach, which includes surgical resection, radiotherapy, and hormone therapy, has led to great improvements in both survival and quality of life in patients with localized disease, the prognosis for metastatic disease remains poor. Molecular targeted therapies, aimed at blocking specific molecules or signaling pathways in tumor cells or in their microenvironment, with a low risk of damage to normal tissues, have demonstrated their efficacy in several types of cancer. Various trials have had encouraging results in the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer. 
  • 282
  • 05 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Iron and the Risk for Cardiovascular Disease
Dietary iron assimilation is critical for health and essential to prevent iron-deficient states and related comorbidities, such as anemia. The bioavailability of iron is generally low, while its absorption and metabolism are tightly controlled to satisfy metabolic needs and prevent toxicity of excessive iron accumulation. Iron entry into the bloodstream is limited by hepcidin, the iron regulatory hormone. Hepcidin deficiency due to loss-of-function mutations in upstream gene regulators causes hereditary hemochromatosis, an endocrine disorder of iron overload characterized by chronic hyperabsorption of dietary iron, with deleterious clinical complications if untreated. Epidemiological data suggest that high intake of heme iron, which is abundant in meat products, poses a risk factor for several pathologies, including cardiovascular diseases.
  • 207
  • 05 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Positron Emission Tomography in Bladder Cancer
Molecular imaging with positron emission tomography is a powerful tool in bladder cancer management. [18F] 2-[18F] fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ([18F]FDG) positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) hass increasingly been used over the years in clinical practice, but the low evidence level of published studies hampers its systematic use being implemented in international guidelines.
  • 228
  • 05 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Clinical Symptoms of Valproate-Induced Metabolic Syndrome
Valproic acid (VPA) and its salts (sodium calcium magnesium and orotic) are psychotropic drugs that are widely used in neurology and psychiatry. The long-term use of VPA increases the risk of developing adverse drug reactions (ADRs), among which metabolic syndrome (MetS) plays a special role. MetS belongs to a cluster of metabolic conditions such as abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, high blood glucose, high serum triglycerides, and low serum high-density lipoprotein. Valproate-induced MetS (VPA-MetS) is a common ADR that needs an updated multidisciplinary approach to its prevention and diagnosis.
  • 524
  • 05 Jun 2023
Topic Review
PET-Based Criteria for Response Assessment in Lymphoma
Criteria for response assessment in lymphoma have deeply evolved in the last decade, assigning an outstanding role to FDG-PET/CT. This path starts from the first lymphoma specific CT-based criteria and leads towards the PET-based Lugano Classification, that, nowadays, represents the gold standard. LYRIC (Lymphoma Response to Immunomodulatory Therapy Criteria) criteria, the recent refinement of the Lugano Classification, were conceived to capture new patterns of response (delayed response and pseudoprogression) observed during treatment with novel immunotherapy agents that have entered the clinic.
  • 543
  • 05 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Ergogenic, Pre-, and Probiotic Supplementation in Sports
Exercise affects the gut microbiota and the intestinal environment. In general, a high level of physical activity is accompanied by an increase in gut microbiota diversity and health-promoting bacterial abundance (e.g., Akkermansia muciniphila and Feacalibacterium prausnitzii). Regular exercise modulates the gut microbiota, but it was found that endurance training affects the intestinal microbiota in a specific way. Resistance exercise (especially in the eccentric phase of a given exercise) and sprints (especially during downhill running) are known to cause muscle damage. 
  • 213
  • 05 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Surgical Management of Retroperitoneal Sarcoma
Surgery is the cornerstone of treatment for retroperitoneal sarcoma (RPS). Surgery should be performed by a surgical oncologist with sub-specialization in this disease and in the context of a multidisciplinary team of sarcoma specialists. For primary RPS, the goal of surgery is to achieve the complete en bloc resection of the tumor along with involved organs and structures to maximize the clearance of the disease. The extent of resection also needs to consider the risk of complications.
  • 249
  • 05 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Forest Bathing
Forest bathing was proposed in Japan in 1982 for the purpose of reducing stress and health management, and research on the health promotion and disease prevention effects of forest bathing began in Japan in 2004. Since then, many papers were published and, in 2012, Forest Medicine was established as a new preventive medicine. Imagine a new medical science that could let you know how to be more active, more relaxed, healthier, and happier, with reduced stress and a reduced risk of lifestyle-related diseases. This new medical science is Forest Medicine. Forest Medicine studies the effects of forest environments on human health and is a new interdisciplinary science that belongs to the categories of environmental and preventive medicine.
  • 479
  • 05 Jun 2023
Topic Review
mPR-Mediated Signaling with Other Steroid Signaling Pathways
Progesterone (PRG) is a key cyclical reproductive hormone that has a significant impact on female organs in vertebrates. It is mainly produced by the corpus luteum of the ovaries, but can also be generated from other sources such as the adrenal cortex, Leydig cells of the testes and neuronal and glial cells. PRG has wide-ranging physiological effects, including impacts on metabolic systems, central nervous systems and reproductive systems in both genders. It was first purified as an ovarian steroid with hormonal function for pregnancy, and is known to play a role in pro-gestational proliferation during pregnancy.
  • 321
  • 05 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence in the Intensive Care Unit
The development of artificial intelligence (AI) allows for the construction of technologies capable of implementing functions that represent the human mind, senses, and problem-solving skills, leading to automation, rapid data analysis, and acceleration of tasks. These solutions has been initially implemented in medical fields relying on image analysis; however, technological development and interdisciplinary collaboration allows for the introduction of AI-based enhancements to further medical specialties. During the COVID-19 pandemic, novel technologies established on big data analysis experienced a rapid expansion. Yet, despite the possibilities of advancements with these AI technologies, there are number of shortcomings that need to be resolved to assert the highest and the safest level of performance, especially in the setting of the intensive care unit (ICU). Within the ICU, numerous factors and data affect clinical decision making and work management that could be managed by AI-based technologies. Early detection of a patient’s deterioration, identification of unknown prognostic parameters, or even improvement of work organization are a few of many areas where patients and medical personnel can benefit from solutions developed with AI.
  • 308
  • 05 Jun 2023
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