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Topic Review
EEG Correlates of Suicide Ideation and Suicide Attempt
Previous research suggests that electroencephalography (EEG) can play a key role in the evaluation of suicide risk. We systematically reviewed EEG resting state studies of adults with suicide ideation (SI) or with a history of suicide attempts (SAs). After searching for relevant studies using the PubMed and Web of Science databases, we applied the PRISMA method to exclude duplicates and studies that did not match our inclusion criteria. The selection process yielded seven studies, which suggest that imbalances in frontal and left temporal brain regions might reflect abnormal activation and correlate with psychological distress. Furthermore, asymmetrical activation in frontal and posterior cortical regions was detected in high-risk depressed persons, although the pattern in the frontal region was inverted in non-depressed persons. The literature reviewed suggests that SI and SA may be driven by separate neural circuits and that high-risk persons can be found within non-depressed populations. More research is needed to develop intelligent algorithms for the automated detection of high-risk EEG anomalies in the general population.
  • 292
  • 14 Jun 2023
Topic Review
miRNA Involvement in Parkinson’s Disease
Parkinson’s Disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, is characterised by the severe loss of dopaminergic neurons in the Substantia Nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and by the presence of Lewy bodies. PD is diagnosed upon the onset of motor symptoms, such as bradykinesia, resting tremor, rigidity, and postural instability. It is accepted that motor symptoms are preceded by non-motor features, such as gastrointestinal dysfunction. In fact, it has been proposed that PD might start in the gut and spread to the central nervous system. Growing evidence reports that the gut microbiota, which has been found to be altered in PD patients, influences the function of the central and enteric nervous systems. Altered expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) in PD patients has also been reported, many of which regulate key pathological mechanisms involved in PD pathogenesis, such as mitochondrial dysfunction and immunity. It remains unknown how gut microbiota regulates brain function, however miRNAs have been highlighted as important players. Remarkably, numerous studies have depicted the ability of miRNAs to modulate and be regulated by the host’s gut microbiota.
  • 275
  • 14 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Rodent Models of Obesity
The World Health Organization defines obesity as an “abnormal or excessive accumulation of fat that poses a risk to health”. Preclinical research in animal models has been instrumental in elucidating these mechanisms, and translation into clinical practice has provided promising therapeutic options, including epigenetic approaches, pharmacotherapy, and bariatric surgery.
  • 346
  • 14 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Sodium-Dependent Organic Anion Transporter
The sodium-dependent organic anion transporter (SOAT, gene symbol SLC10A6) specifically transports 3′- and 17′-monosulfated steroid hormones, such as estrone sulfate and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, into specific target cells. These biologically inactive sulfo-conjugated steroids occur in high concentrations in the blood circulation and serve as precursors for the intracrine formation of active estrogens and androgens that contribute to the overall regulation of steroids in many peripheral tissues.
  • 325
  • 14 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Cholestatic Pruritus in Children
Pruritus in the setting of cholestatic liver disease is difficult to treat and occurs in patients ranging in age from infancy to adulthood. Likely multifactorial in etiology, this symptom often involves multimodal therapy targeting several pathways and mechanisms proposed in the underlying etiology of cholestatic pruritus. Conventional therapies for the treatment of cholestatic pruritus in children include ursodeoxycholic acid, cholestyramine, hydroxyzine, and rifampin. Therapies used in the adult population with limited data in pediatric patients include opioid antagonists and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Ileal bile acid transport inhibitors have been shown to alleviate pruritus in many children with Alagille syndrome and progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis and it is an additional therapy available for consideration for these patients. Ultimately, surgical management and liver transplantation are considered in select refractory cases.
  • 412
  • 14 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Neuropeptide Y Peptide Family and Cancer
Peptidergic systems are involved in cancer progression and regulate crucial roles such as cell proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis. Available data on the involvement of neuropeptide Y (NPY), peptide YY (PYY), and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and their receptors (YRs) in cancer are updated. The structure and dynamics of YRs and their intracellular signaling pathways are also studied. 
  • 513
  • 14 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Prosthetics
A prosthetic is an artificial device to replace missing or lost limbs; these instances are mainly contributed to amputation. 
  • 572
  • 14 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2
Being a controller of cytoprotective actions, inflammation, and mitochondrial function through participating in the regulation of multiple genes in response to stress-inducing endogenous or exogenous stressors, the transcription factor Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 (NRF2) is considered the main cellular defense mechanism to maintain redox balance at cellular and tissue level. While a transient activation of NRF2 protects normal cells under oxidative stress, the hyperactivation of NRF2 in cancer cells may help them to survive and to adapt under oxidative stress. This can be detrimental and related to cancer progression and chemotherapy resistance. Therefore, inhibition of NRF2 activity may be an effective approach for sensitizing cancer cells to anticancer therapy.
  • 388
  • 14 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Deep Learning in Different Ultrasound Methods for BC
Breast cancer is the second-leading cause of mortality among women around the world. Ultrasound (US) is one of the noninvasive imaging modalities used to diagnose breast lesions and monitor the prognosis of cancer patients. It has the highest sensitivity for diagnosing breast masses, but it shows increased false negativity due to its high operator dependency. Underserved areas do not have sufficient US expertise to diagnose breast lesions, resulting in delayed management of breast lesions. Deep learning neural networks may have the potential to facilitate early decision-making by physicians by rapidly yet accurately diagnosing and monitoring their prognosis.
  • 328
  • 14 Jun 2023
Topic Review
P2Y12 De-Escalation Strategies
Platelets play a vital role in hemostasis. They become activated upon encountering damaged blood vessels or tissues. Various mechanisms can initiate platelet activation, including pathways mediated by thrombin, collagen, and adenosine diphosphate (ADP). The P2Y1 receptor is responsible for inducing rapid calcium influx into the platelet, leading to shape change and granule secretion after it is linked to Gαq. The P2Y12 receptor is involved in platelet aggregation by activating the integrin alpha IIb beta 3 on the platelet surface and completing the ADP-dependent platelet aggregation response initiated by P2Y1 as well as the ADP-dependent amplification of platelet aggregation induced by other agents such as Gq-coupled serotonin receptors, Gq and G12/13-coupled TXA2 and PAR-1 receptors, immune complexes, or when platelets are activated by collagen through the GPVI/tyrosine kinase/PLCγ2 pathway.
  • 350
  • 14 Jun 2023
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