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Topic Review
Polyionic Virus-like Particles Vaccines
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are formed by self-assembly in insect cells infected with a recombinant baculovirus. Polyarginine/cysteine-tagged antigens are linked to the VLP by a reversible disulfide bond. The VLP possesses self-adjuvanting properties due to the immunostimulatory activity of papillomavirus VLPs. Polyionic VLP vaccines induce robust CD8+ T cell responses in peripheral blood and tumor tissues.
  • 283
  • 20 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Clinical Diagnosis and Genetics of Hemiplegic Migraine
Hemiplegic migraine (HM) is a rare form of migraine with an aura characterized by transient motor weakness or hemiparesis (motor aura). HM is also associated with other non-motor aura manifestations (visual, sensory, aphasic, or basilar-type/brainstem symptoms) and with other symptoms typically accompanying migraine, such as nausea, vomiting, photophobia, or phonophobia. A motor aura represents the peculiarity of HM compared to other forms of migraine with aura (MA), and its diagnostic criteria have been updated in the latest classification of headache disorders. HM can be sporadic (SHM) or familial (FHM), with autosomal dominant inheritance.
  • 278
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Near-Infrared Fluorescent-Guided Robot-Assisted Renal Surgery
The use of Indocyanine Green in nephron-sparing robotic surgery has gained widespread recognition as a versatile, valuable, and safe technique. With its support in delineating tumor margins and vascular anatomy, in guiding selective or super selective clamping and in assessing kidney perfusion after resection and renorrhaphy, Indocyanine Green (ICG) offers real-time guidance to promote the better preservation of renal function.
  • 225
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Role of Deep Learning Applications in Antibiotic Resistance
Antibiotic resistance (AR) is a naturally occurring phenomenon consisting mostly of acquired adaptative mechanisms. Antibiotic development faces economical and technical difficulties, with increased costs of research and marketing new antibiotics being some of the economic hardships. Technical difficulties include lack of equipment, infrastructure, and trained personnel in some regions. To overcome AR, international programs should be created and enforced globally. Such programs are currently developed with the aid of deep learning (DL)-constructed computer systems. DL is a subtype of machine learning (ML) that utilizes artificial neural networks (ANN). Every ANN consists of multitudinous interconnected neurons, grouped into layers, having similar functionality to biological neurons. They receive an input, process the data, and generate an output signal. In the beginning, the program’s generated predictions will be highly inaccurate. The parameters linking the neural networks (NN), namely the weights and biases, are thus far unrefined to form an appropriate processing pathway. However, the neural network architecture constantly evolves to form the correct pattern recognition.
  • 295
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms and Factors of Ovarian Aging
Infertility is a global problem on the rise. The WHO defines it as a condition of the reproductive system that can be diagnosed when there is a “failure to achieve a clinical pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse”. It occurs due to four broad causes: lifestyle choices, inheritable factors, health conditions, and aging, with a degree of overlap between each of these factors. There are various mechanisms and factors that contribute to infertility, most of which have some type of connection with oxidative damage.
  • 328
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Urothelial Bladder Cancer
Bladder cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy of the genitourinary tract, with high morbidity and mortality rates. Until recently, the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic urothelial BC was based on the use of chemotherapy alone. Since 2016, five immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in different settings, i.e., first-line, maintenance and second-line treatment, while several trials are still ongoing in the perioperative context. Lately, pembrolizumab, a programmed death-1 (PD-1) inhibitor, has been approved for Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG)-unresponsive high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), using immunotherapy at an early stage of the disease.
  • 387
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Anesthesia
The field of anesthesia has always been at the forefront of innovation and technology, and the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) represents the next frontier in anesthesia care. The use of AI and its subtypes, such as machine learning, has the potential to improve efficiency, reduce costs, and ameliorate patient outcomes. AI can assist with decision making, but its primary advantage lies in empowering anesthesiologists to adopt a proactive approach to address clinical issues. The potential uses of AI in anesthesia can be schematically grouped into clinical decision support and pharmacologic and mechanical robotic applications.
  • 472
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Hepatitis B Virus-Associated Polyarteritis Nodosa
Classic polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) is a vasculitis with systemic manifestations that is characterized by inflammatory and necrotizing lesions affecting medium and small muscular arteries, most frequently at the bifurcation of the vessels.
  • 564
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Beta-Lactam Antibiotics
Here describes various aspects of beta-lactams use in the critical care, focusing on clinical antibiotic stewardship in the ICU. Pharmacokinetics / pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) characteristics of beta-lactams are described and main factors of PK/PD variability in critically ill patients. Toxicity of beta-lactams, a frequently overlooked issue, is outlined. Analytical methods used in therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of beta-lactams are discussed. The evidence supporting antibiotic guidance based on therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) in critically ill patients is analysed.
  • 313
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Drug-Induced Podocytopathies
Kidney injury due to medications is a well-known clinical entity. Although drug-induced tubulointerstitial disease is commonly encountered, there are few reports in the literature associated with glomerular injury due to medications. The recognition of this type of kidney injury is crucial, as rapid discontinuation of the offending agent is critical to maximizing the likelihood of quick and effective renal function recovery.
  • 228
  • 19 Jun 2023
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