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Topic Review
Helicobacter pylori
Helicobacter pylori infection is a leading cause of gastric cancer, which is the second-most common cancer-related death in the world. The chronic inflammatory environment in the gastric mucosal epithelia during H. pylori infection stimulates intracellular signaling pathways, namely inflammatory signals, which may lead to the promotion and progression of cancer cells.
  • 743
  • 25 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Gut-Microbial Metabolites and Probiotics in Type 2 Diabetes
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a worldwide prevalent metabolic disorder defined by high blood glucose levels due to insulin resistance (IR) and impaired insulin secretion. Disturbances of gut microbiota have been widely found in T2D patients and contribute to the development of IR.
  • 743
  • 01 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Topical Insulin Delivery
Insulin is one of the cheapest growth factors in the market able to accelerate the re-epithelialization and stimulate angiogenesis and cell migration. However, the effectiveness of topical insulin in wound healing is hampered by the proteases in the wound bed. The encapsulation into nanoparticles improves its stability in the wound, providing adhesion to the mucosal surface and allowing its sustained release. 
  • 743
  • 13 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Preferentially Expressed Antigen in Melanoma and Malignant Melanoma
Preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma (PRAME) is a cancer testis antigen (CTA) identified in 1997 through analysis of the specificity of tumor-reactive T-cell clones derived from a patient with metastatic cutaneous melanoma. Although at first it seemed even more specific, various studies have shown that PRAME can also be expressed in the context of atypical lesions that do not correspond solely to the definition of malignant melanoma. Various studies have shown that PRAME can also be expressed in the context of atypical lesions apart from MM and, for this reason, the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity (hence accuracy) are clearly lower. 
  • 744
  • 28 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Genetics of Blastic Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Neoplasms
Differential diagnosis between Blastic pDC Neoplasm (BPDCN) and Acute Myeloid Leukemia with pDC expansion (pDC-AML) is particularly challenging, and genomic features can help in diagnosis. The genetic landscape of BPDCN is now well-defined, with important updates concerning MYC/MYC rearrangements, but also epigenetic defects and novel concepts in oncogenic and immune pathways.
  • 743
  • 09 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Adipose Tissue Macrophages in Obesity and Insulin Resistance
Obesity has become a worldwide epidemic that poses a severe threat to human health. Evidence suggests that many obesity comorbidities, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, steatohepatitis, and cardiovascular diseases, are related to obesity-induced chronic low-grade inflammation. Macrophages are the primary immune cells involved in obesity-associated inflammation in both mice and humans. Intensive research has yielded tremendous progress in the understanding of the additional roles of adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) beyond classical M1/M2 polarization in obesity and related comorbidities.
  • 744
  • 01 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Animal Prion Diseases
Prion is defined as a “proteinaceous infectious particle” consisting exclusively of a single protein without the involvement of nucleic acids that causes spongiform encephalopathies in mammals. Prion diseases are characterized by the accumulation of abnormal isoforms of PrP glycoprotein.
  • 742
  • 24 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Adolescent Endometriosis
Endometriosis is a chronic condition that affects women throughout various stages of their lives by causing pain, infertility, and malignant progression.
  • 742
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
NLRP3 Inflammasome and Skeletal Muscle
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD-), leucine-rich repeat (LRR-) and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) is a protein coded by the Nlrp3 (CIAS1) gene and is composed of an amino-terminal pyrin domain (PYD), a central nucleotide-binding domain (NACHT), and a C-terminal leucine rich repeat (LRR) motif. To date, NLRP3 has been extensively studied in the heart, where its effects and actions have been broadly documented in numerous cardiovascular diseases. 
  • 743
  • 30 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Photodynamic Therapy in Orthodontics
Treatment of malocclusions using fixed orthodontic appliances makes it difficult for patients to perform hygiene procedures. Insufficient removal of bacterial biofilm can cause enamel demineralization, manifesting by visible white spot lesions or periodontal diseases, such as gingivitis periodontitis or gingival hyperplasia. The classic methods of preventing the above problems include, in addition to proper hygiene, ultrasonic scaling, periodontal debridement, and oral rinses based on chlorhexidine. There is a growing interest among researchers in the possibility of using photodynamic therapy in orthodontics.
  • 742
  • 03 Jun 2021
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