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Topic Review
Quantitative Parameters Relevant for DME Evaluation by OCTA
Diabetic macular edema (DME) is one of the main ocular complications of diabetes mellitus (DM) that can lead to important vision loss in diabetic patients. In clinical practice, there are cases of DME with unsatisfying treatment responses, despite adequate therapeutic management. Diabetic macular ischemia (DMI) is one of the causes suggested to be associated with the persistence of fluid accumulation. The optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) devices currently available can provide various OCTA metrics that quantitatively assess the retinal microvasculature. OCTA metrics are useful instruments that can contribute to the evaluation of patients with DME.
  • 245
  • 10 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Non-Neoplastic Ovarian Masses in Children and Adolescents
Most abdominal masses in the pediatric population derive from the ovaries. Ovarian masses, which include both non-neoplastic lesions and neoplastic tumors, can occur in all ages although their incidence, clinical presentation and histological distribution vary among different age groups. Herein, pediatric non-neoplastic ovarian masses are described. These include benign tumor-like lesions that are not composed of neoplastic cells, such as functional cysts, endometrioma, torsion, abscess and lymphangioma.
  • 269
  • 10 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Metastasis Suppression through Primary Tumour Targeting with Nanoparticles
Nanotechnology’s use has expanded, demonstrating its efficacy in enhancing fields such as cancer treatment, radiation therapy, diagnostics, and imaging. Applications for nanomaterials are diverse, ranging from enhanced radiation adjuvants to more sensitive early detection instruments. Cancer, particularly when it has spread beyond the original site of cancer, is notoriously tough to combat. Many people die from metastatic cancer, which is why it remains a huge issue. Cancer cells go through a sequence of events known as the “metastatic cascade” throughout metastasis, which may be used to build anti-metastatic therapeutic techniques. Conventional treatments and diagnostics for metastasis have their drawbacks and hurdles that must be overcome. 
  • 274
  • 10 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Targeted Therapies for Adult-Type Diffuse Glioma
Gliomas are the most common brain tumor in adults, and molecularly targeted therapies to treat gliomas are becoming a frequent topic of investigation. The current state of molecular targeted therapy research for adult-type diffuse gliomas has yet to be characterized, particularly following the 2021 WHO guideline changes for classifying gliomas using molecular subtypes.
  • 315
  • 10 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Treatment Approach of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), the prototype of systemic autoimmune diseases is characterized by extreme heterogeneity with a variable clinical course. Renal involvement may be observed and affects the outcome. Hydroxychloroquine should be administered to every lupus patient irrespective of organ involvement. Conventional immunosuppressive therapy includes corticosteroids, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate mofetil, azathioprine, cyclosporine and tacrolimus. However, despite conventional immunosuppressive treatment, flares occur and broad immunosuppression is accompanied by multiple side effects. Flare occurrence, target organ involvement, side effects of broad immunosuppression and increased knowledge of the pathogenetic mechanisms involved in SLE pathogenesis as well as the availability of biologic agents has led to the application of biologic agents in SLE management. Biologic agents targeting various pathogenetic paths have been applied. B cell targeting agents have been used successfully. Belimumab, a B cell targeting agent, has been approved for the treatment of SLE. Rituximab, an anti-CD20 targeting agent is also used in SLE. Anifrolumab, an interferon I receptor-targeting agent has beneficial effects on SLE. In conclusion, biologic treatment is applied in SLE and should be further evaluated with the aim of a good treatment response and a significant improvement in quality of life.
  • 272
  • 10 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Ex Vivo Perfusion Research in a Transplant Setting
Given the importance of renal vasculature and the consequences of vascular injury during renal transplantation, it would be extremely helpful if the condition of the renal vasculature could be assessed and potentially improved before transplantation. Ex vivo perfusion, whether it is hypothermic (HMP) or normothermic (NMP), may offer the possibility to assess kidney function prior to transplantation and could provide a treatment platform in a controlled and isolated environment. Therefore, investigating and assessing vascular damage during machine perfusion could provide a better understanding of its underlying mechanisms, which could potentially be translated into assessment or treatment techniques. 
  • 345
  • 10 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Bacterial Causing Pneumonia Post Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant
Allogeneic stem cell transplantation is a lifesaving treatment for many malignancies. Post-transplant patients may suffer from graft versus host disease in the acute and/or the chronic form(s). Post-transplantation immune deficiency due to a variety of factors is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, immunosuppression can lead to alterations in host factors that predisposes these patients to infections. Although patients who receive stem cell transplant are at an increased risk of opportunistic pathogens, which include fungi and viruses, bacterial infections remain the most common cause of morbidity.
  • 315
  • 10 Jul 2023
Topic Review
ResRandSVM for Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia Blood Detection
Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia is a type of cancer that occurs when abnormal white blood cells are produced in the bone marrow which do not function properly, crowding out healthy cells and weakening the immunity of the body and thus its ability to resist infections. It spreads quickly in children’s bodies, and if not treated promptly it may lead to death. The manual detection of this disease is a tedious and slow task. Machine learning and deep learning techniques are faster than manual detection and more accurate.
  • 259
  • 10 Jul 2023
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 Interactions with the Host Cell Nucleus
SARS-CoV-2 components disturb the transport of certain proteins through the nuclear pores. Some SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins such as Spike (S) and Nucleocapsid (N), most non-structural proteins (remarkably, Nsp1 and Nsp3), as well as some accessory proteins (ORF3d, ORF6, ORF9a) can reach the nucleoplasm either due to their nuclear localization signals (NLS) or taking a shuttle with other proteins. A percentage of SARS-CoV-2 RNA can also reach the nucleoplasm. Remarkably, controversy has recently been raised by proving that-at least under certain conditions-, SARS-CoV-2 sequences can be retrotranscribed and inserted as DNA in the host genome, giving rise to chimeric genes. In turn, the expression of viral-host chimeric proteins could potentially create neo-antigens, activate autoimmunity and promote a chronic pro-inflammatory state.
  • 371
  • 10 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Metabolic Exercise Testing in Heart Failure
Heart Failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome that is caused by a structural and/or functional cardiac abnormality and corroborated by elevated natriuretic peptide levels and/or objective evidence of pulmonary or systemic congestion. Metabolic exercise testing, also known as cardiopulmonary exercise testing, provides a comprehensive evaluation of the multisystem (i.e., neurological, respiratory, circulatory, and musculoskeletal) response to exercise performance.
  • 381
  • 10 Jul 2023
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