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Topic Review
Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common type of thyroid cancer in both adult and pediatric populations, occurring more commonly in women at ages 50-59. PTC is characterized by the presence of cells arranged into papillae, presenting clear or ground-glass nuclei. It is further subdivided based on histological variants, such as the classic (CVPTC), follicular (FVPTC), solid (SVPTC), and diffuse sclerosing (DSVPTC) variants.
  • 770
  • 18 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Mosaic of Autoimmunity
The “mosaic of autoimmunity” was a term originally coined by Shoenfeld and Isenberg in 1989, and refers to the interplay between genetic, hormonal, immunological, and environmental factors in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, including RA [1]. 
  • 770
  • 10 Nov 2020
Topic Review
In Vitro Maturation of Oocytes
In vitro maturation (IVM) of transvaginally aspirated immature oocytes is an effective and safe assisted reproductive treatment for predicted or high responder patients. Currently, immature oocytes are also being collected from the contralateral ovary during laparoscopy/laparotomy and even ex vivo from the excised ovary or the spent media during ovarian tissue preparation prior to ovarian cortex cryopreservation. The first live births from in vitro-matured ovarian tissue oocytes (OTO-IVM) were reported after monophasic OTO-IVM, showing the ability to achieve mature OTO-IVM oocytes. However, fertilisations rates and further embryological developmental capacity appeared impaired. The introduction of a biphasic IVM, also called capacitation (CAPA)-IVM, has been a significant improvement of the oocytes maturation protocol. However, evidence on OTO-IVM is still scarce and validation of the first results is of utmost importance to confirm reproducibility, including the follow-up of OTO-IVM children. Differences between IVM and OTO-IVM should be well understood to provide realistic expectations to patients.
  • 769
  • 20 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Ubiquitylation
Ubiquitylation is a post-translational modification that covalently conjugates the ubiquitin molecule through the C-terminus to a lysine residue on a substrate protein. Ubiquitylation results in the turnover of the ubiquitylated substrate protein by either the proteasome or lysosome, a change in subcellular localization of the substrate protein, or alteration of substrate protein function . Ubiquitylation is mediated by three enzymes and scaffolding proteins: E1, E2, and E3.
  • 769
  • 22 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common human cancer worldwide, and is a subtype of nonmelanoma skin cancer, characterized by a constantly increasing incidence due to an aging population and widespread sun exposure. Although the mortality from BCC is negligible, this tumor can be associated with significant morbidity and cost.
  • 769
  • 24 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Cholesterol-to-Coprostanol Conversion
Cholesterol (examples of synonyms 3β-hydroxy-5-cholestene or 5-cholesten-3β-ol) in the intestine may be either absorbed or undergo microbial conversion to different metabolites, of which non-absorbable coprostanol (examples of synonyms 5β-cholestanol or 5β-cholestan-3β-ol) is the end and predominant product found in feces. Note that multiple synonyms can be employed for a same steroid molecule, which does not help the reader to find his way. Cholesterol is a 27-carbon molecule with a structure formed by a polycyclic ring skeleton with a trans A/B ring junction, a β-hydroxyl group in the equatorial position at C3 (i.e., in plane of the molecule), a double bond at C5 (Δ5double bond), two methyl groups at C10 and C13, and a side chain at C17 (A).
  • 769
  • 26 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Biomaterials for 3D Tissue Models
The techniques involved in culturing cells are critical as results are based on cellular response to drugs, cellular cues, external stimuli, and human physiology. In order to establish in vitro cultures, cells are either isolated from normal or diseased tissue and allowed to grow in two or three dimensions. Two-dimensional (2D) cell culture methods involve the proliferation of cells on flat rigid surfaces resulting in a monolayer culture, while in three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures, the additional dimension provides a more accurate representation of the tissue milieu. 
  • 769
  • 01 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Psychogastroenterology
Psychogastroenterology focuses on how psychosocial factors play a role in gut diseases. Psychogastroenterologists are clinicians, such as psychologists, psychiatrists, and social workers, who work in integrative or multidisciplinary care of patients with gastrointestinal disorders. The role of this field has been ranging from suggested prevention, a cure, to a Band-Aid for gut disorders.
  • 769
  • 07 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Bone Products Bioequivalence Study
An FDA-regulated, prescription medical food (Fosteum; 27 mg natural genistein, 200 IU cholecalciferol, 20 mg citrated zinc bisglycinate (4 mg elemental zinc) per capsule) and an over-the-counter (OTC) supplement (Citracal Plus Bone Density Builder; 27 mg synthetic genistein, 600 mg elemental calcium (calcium citrate), 400 IU vitamin D3, 50 mg magnesium, 7.5 mg zinc, 1 mg copper, 75 μg molybdenum, 250 μg boron per two tablets) were compared to a clinically proven bone formulation (27 mg natural genistein, 400 IU cholecalciferol, 500 mg elemental calcium (calcium carbonate) per tablet; the Squadrito formulation) in an 8-day steady-state pharmacokinetic (PK) study of healthy postmenopausal women (n = 30) randomized to receive 54 mg of genistein per day. Trough serum samples were obtained before the final dose on the morning of the ninth day followed by sampling at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, and 96 hrs. Total serum genistein, after β-glucuronidase/sulfatase digestion, was measured by time-resolved fluorometric assay. Maximal time (T max), concentration (C max), half-life (T 1/2), and area under the curve (AUC) were determined for genistein in each formulation. Fosteum and the Squadrito study formulation were equivalent for genistein T max (2 hrs), C max (0.7 μM), T 1/2 (18 ± 6.9 versus 21 ± 4.9 hrs), and AUC (9221 ± 413 versus 9818 ± 1370 ng·hr/mL). The OTC supplement's synthetically derived genistein, however, showed altered T max (6 hrs), C max (0.57 μM), T 1/2 (8.3 ± 1.9 hrs), and AUC (6474 ± 287 ng·hr/mL). Differences in uptake may be due to multiple ingredients in the OTC supplement which interfere with genistein absorption.
  • 769
  • 01 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Network-Based Drug Repurposing in Psychiatry
Drug repurposing offers a more efficient pathway compared with de novo drug discovery with lower cost and less risk. Various computational approaches have been applied to mine the vast amount of biomedical data generated over recent decades. Aligned well with the poly-pharmacology paradigm shift in drug discovery, network-based approaches offer great opportunities to discover repurposing candidates for complex psychiatric disorders.
  • 769
  • 05 Aug 2022
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