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Topic Review
Vitamin D and Glomerulonephritis
Vitamin D presents a plethora of different functions that go beyond its role in skeletal homeo-stasis. It is an efficient endocrine regulator of the Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System (RAAS) and erythropoiesis, exerts immunomodulatory effects, reduces the cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality. In Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) patients, Vitamin D function is im-paired; the renal hydrolyzation of its inactive form by the action of 1α-hydroxylase declines at the same pace of reduced nephron mass. Moreover, Vitamin D major carrier, the D-binding pro-tein (DBP), is less represented due to Nephrotic Syndrome (NS), proteinuria, and the alteration of the cubilin–megalin–amnionless receptor complex in the renal proximal tubule. In Glomeru-lonephritis (GN), Vitamin D supplementation demonstrated to significantly reduce proteinuria and to slow kidney disease progression. It also has potent antiproliferative and immunomodu-lating functions, contributing to the inhibitions of kidney inflammation. Vitamin D preserves the structural integrity of the slit diaphragm guaranteeing protective effects on podocytes. Acti-vated Vitamin D has been demonstrated to potentiate the antiproteinuric effect of RAAS inhibi-tors in IgA nephropathy and Lupus Nephritis, enforcing its role in the treatment of glomerulo-nephritis: calcitriol treatment, through Vitamin D receptor (VDR) action, can regulate the hepa-ranase promoter activity and modulate the urokinase receptor (uPAR), guaranteeing podocyte preservation. It also controls the podocyte distribution by modulating mRNA synthesis and protein expression of nephrin and podocin. Maxalcalcitol is another promising alternative: it has about 1/600 affinity to vitamin D binding protein (DBP), compared to Calcitriol, overcoming the risk of hypercalcemia, hyperphosphatemia and calcifications, and it circulates principally in un-bound form with easier availability for target tissues. Doxercalciferol, as well as paricalcitol, showed a lower incidence of hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria than Calcitriol. Paricalcitol demonstrated a significant role in suppressing RAAS genes expression: it significantly decreases angiotensinogen, renin, renin receptors, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA levels, thus reducing proteinuria and renal damage.
  • 774
  • 11 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Probiotics and Photobiomodulation
Multiple interconditioning between photobiomodulation (PBM), probiotics, and the human microbiota, their effects on the human body, and their implications for the management of viral infectious diseases is essential. Coupled complex PBM and probiotic interventions can control the microbiome, improve the activity of the immune system, and save the lives of people with immune imbalances. 
  • 773
  • 20 May 2021
Topic Review
Implantation (Human Embryo)
In humans implantation is the stage in the development of the body in which the blastocyst hatches as the embryo, and adheres to the wall of the uterus, as the conceptus. Once this adhesion is successful, the female is considered to be pregnant and the embryo will receive oxygen and nutrients from the mother in order to grow. Implantation of a fertilized ovum usually takes place around nine days after ovulation but can range between six and twelve days.
  • 773
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Tauvid™
Tauvid has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2020 for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of adult patients with cognitive impairments undergoing evaluation for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) based on tau pathology.
  • 773
  • 18 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Cutaneous Reactions to Antidiabetic Agents
Diabetes is a common and complex disease affecting multiple organ systems throughout the body. With a consensus in care guidelines emphasizing the importance of glycemic control in determining the disease progression, people with diabetes worldwide have been placed on medication regimens targeting glucose stability from a variety of pathophysiologic pathways. Each of these medications also possesses its own potential for adverse events. 
  • 773
  • 04 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Fructose and the Liver
Fructose possesses an open-chain chemical conformation and is therefore much more reactive than glucose. Experimental studies have shown that a high fructose intake promotes oxidative stress, inflammation, higher serum uric acid levels, hypertriglyceridemia, higher systolic blood pressure, and insulin resistance(). In humans, the physiological impact depends on the formulation in which the fructose is consumed; consumption via solids and liquids differently affects microbiota composition, gut integrity, and liver toxicity.
  • 773
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Interleukin-7 Signaling in Lymphoid Malignancies
The cytokine interleukin-7 (IL-7) and its receptor are critical for lymphocyte development and homeostasis. The loss of IL-7 signaling causes severe combined immunodeficiency, whereas gain-of-function of the pathway contributes to malignant transformation. It has become increasingly clear that in lymphoid malignancies, especially in T-cell leukemia, many components of the IL-7 signaling pathway carry genetic alterations leading to increased signaling. Moreover, the majority of leukemic cells express the wild type IL-7 receptor and remain dependent on IL-7 signaling for survival, cell cycle progression and proliferation. In this review, we discuss the role of deregulated IL-7-induced JAK-STAT signaling in lymphoid malignancies of T- and B-cell origin.
  • 773
  • 18 May 2021
Topic Review
Transcriptional Spatial Profiling
Transcriptional spatial profiling enables characterization of the cancer immune profile by providing quantitative gene expression data that retains critical spatial information. It encompasses both well-known technologies such as in-situ hybridization and digital spatial profiling as well as emerging technologies such as Visium Spatial Gene Expression Solution. These technologies may be used to identify and subsequently block the source of tumour heterogeneity that underlies treatment resistance, disease progression and cancer relapse. By combining sequencing data with spatial information, transcriptional spatial profiling technologies hold great promise in uncovering novel biomarkers, potential drug targets and pathogenic mechanisms. 
  • 773
  • 22 Sep 2020
Topic Review
HMGB1-Mediated Neuroinflammatory Responses
Brain injuries are devastating conditions, representing a global cause of mortality and morbidity, with no effective treatment to date. Increased evidence supports the role of neuroinflammation in driving several forms of brain injuries. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein is a pro-inflammatory-like cytokine with an initiator role in neuroinflammation that has been implicated in Traumatic brain injury (TBI) as well as in early brain injury (EBI) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Herein, we discuss the implication of HMGB1-induced neuroinflammatory responses in these brain injuries, mediated through binding to the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), toll-like receptor4 (TLR4) and other inflammatory mediators. Moreover, we provide evidence on the biomarker potential of HMGB1 and the significance of its nucleocytoplasmic translocation during brain injuries along with the promising neuroprotective effects observed upon HMGB1 inhibition/neutralization in TBI and EBI induced by SAH. Overall, this review addresses the current advances on neuroinflammation driven by HMGB1 in brain injuries indicating a future treatment opportunity that may overcome current therapeutic gaps.
  • 773
  • 23 Jul 2020
Topic Review
Anastasios Lymperopoulos
My laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation studies the molecular pharmacology, physiology, and biology of the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that regulate cardiac function and systemic circulation in general. Particular emphasis is given to autonomic nervous system`s (specifically adrenergic) receptors and to angiotensin II receptors. The general focus is on studying mechanisms underlying abnormal signaling/function of these GPCRs that contribute to heart failure pathophysiology, aiming at discovering and validating novel molecular targets for cardiovascular disease therapy. Our lab`s studies also include novel molecular effects of beta-blockers and angiotensin receptor blockers, two very important drug classes acting through cardiovascular adrenergic and angiotensin receptors, respectively.
  • 773
  • 29 Oct 2020
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