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Topic Review
Effectiveness and Consequences of Direct Access in Physiotherapy
Direct access in physiotherapy (DAPT) occurs when a patient has the ability to self-refer to physical therapy without physician referral. This model of care in musculoskeletal diseases (MSDs) has shown better outcomes than the traditional-based medical model of care that requires physician referral to access physiotherapist services. This traditional physician referral often results in a delay in care. Unfortunately, DAPT is still not permitted in many countries. 
  • 265
  • 19 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Glioma and Glioblastoma Multiforme
Glioma and glioblastoma multiform (GBM) remain among the most debilitating and life-threatening brain tumors. Despite advances in diagnosing approaches, patient follow-up after treatment (surgery and chemoradiation) is still challenging for differentiation between tumor progression/recurrence, pseudoprogression, and radionecrosis. Radiomics emerges as a promising tool in initial diagnosis, grading, and survival prediction in patients with glioma and can help differentiate these post-treatment scenarios.
  • 269
  • 19 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Key Nutrients for Mental Health in Diabetes
Diabetes is associated with an increased risk of mental disorders, including depression, anxiety, and cognitive decline. Mental disorders can also contribute to the development of diabetes through various mechanisms including increased stress, poor self-care behaviors, and adverse effects on glucose metabolism. Consequently, individuals suffering from either of these conditions frequently experience comorbidity with the other. Nutrition plays an important role in both diabetes and mental health disorders including depression and anxiety. Deficiencies in specific nutrients such as omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin D, B vitamins, zinc, chromium, magnesium, and selenium have been implicated in the pathogenesis of both diabetes and mental disorders.
  • 463
  • 19 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Cannabis and Other Substance Misuse
Drug and substance misuse refers to the usage of substances for purposes that are illegal or against medical advice. It has negative consequences for health and can manifest as drug dependence or as one of a variety of other problematic or destructive behaviors. This behavior can result in drug dependence and various social and mental health difficulties. The consequences of substance misuse can be severe, including car accidents, driving under the influence arrests, Domestic violence, sexual harassment, child neglect and abuse, suicide attempts and fatalities, strokes, and overdose deaths.
  • 324
  • 19 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Immunotherapies Targeting the Tumour Microenvironment
Brain tumour malignancies, especially glioblastoma multiform (GBM), characteristically reflect an abysmal disease prognosis with high mortality rates in both adult and paediatric populations. In adults, GBM is the most common and aggressive primary brain tumour, accounting for 15% of central nervous system (CNS) tumours, and 50.1% of malignancies, representing the most frequent form of primary malignant brain tumour. 
  • 307
  • 19 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Health Benefits of Cocoa
Cocoa is considered a functional food because it is a natural source of macro- and micronutrients. Cocoa is rich in vitamins, minerals, fiber, fatty acids, methylxanthines and flavonoids. In addition to favoring the metabolism of lipids and carbohydrates, the bioactive components of cocoa can have an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effect, providing numerous benefits for health. 
  • 293
  • 19 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Role of ER in Maintaining Neuron Cell Homeostasis
Efficient brain function requires as much as 20% of the total oxygen intake to support normal neuronal cell function. This level of oxygen usage, however, leads to the generation of free radicals, and thus can lead to oxidative stress and potentially to age-related cognitive decay and even neurodegenerative diseases. The regulation of this system requires a complex monitoring network to maintain proper oxygen homeostasis. Furthermore, the high content of mitochondria in the brain has elevated glucose demands, and thus requires a normal redox balance. Maintaining this is mediated by adaptive stress response pathways that permit cells to survive oxidative stress and to minimize cellular damage. These stress pathways rely on the proper function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR), a cellular pathway responsible for normal ER function and cell survival.
  • 113
  • 19 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Exosomes in Breast Cancer Diagnosis
Liquid biopsies have been studied for the early diagnosis of cancer, the monitoring of tumor burden, tumor heterogeneity and the emergence of molecular resistance, along with the detection of minimal residual disease. Interestingly, liquid biopsy consents the analysis of circulating tumor cells, circulating tumor DNA and extracellular vesicles (EVs). In particular, EVs play a crucial role in cell communication, carrying transmembrane and nonmembrane proteins, as well as metabolites, lipids and nucleic acids. Of all EVs, exosomes mirror the biological fingerprints of the parental cells from which they originate, and therefore, are considered one of the most promising predictors of early cancer diagnosis and treatment response.
  • 258
  • 19 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Combination of Regulatory Pathways for Malignant Mesothelioma
Malignant mesotheliomas (MM) are hard to treat malignancies with poor prognosis and high mortality rates. This cancer is highly misdiagnosed in Sub-Saharan African countries. According to literature, the incidence of MM is likely to increase particularly in low-middle-income countries (LMICs). The burden of asbestos-induced diseases was estimated to be about 231,000 per annum. Lack of awareness and implementation of regulatory frameworks to control exposure to asbestos fibers contributes to the expected increase. Exposure to asbestos fibers can lead to cancer initiation by several mechanisms. Asbestos-induced epigenetic modifications of gene expression machinery and non-coding RNAs promote cancer initiation and progression. Furthermore, microbiome–epigenetic interactions control the innate and adaptive immunity causing exacerbation of cancer progression and therapeutic resistance.
  • 134
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Bevacizumab Actions
Most ovarian cancer cases are diagnosed at an advanced stage (III or IV), in which a primary debulking surgery combined with adjuvant systemic chemotherapy is the standard management. Since targeted therapy is less toxic to human cells than systemic chemotherapy, it has drawn much attention and become more popular. Angiogenesis is a critical process during the proliferation of ovarian cancer cells. Currently, many studies have put emphases on anti-angiogenetic medication, such as bevacizumab, the first and most investigated angiogenesis inhibitor that can exert anti-neoplastic effects. Bevacizumab is a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody that has been approved for first-line maintenance treatment of advanced ovarian cancer.
  • 253
  • 18 Sep 2023
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