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Topic Review
Sirtuin-Induced Autophagy in Cardiovascular Diseases
Sirtuins belong to the class III histone deacetylases and possess nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent deacetylase activity. They are involved in the regulation of multiple signaling pathways implicated in cardiovascular diseases. Autophagy is a crucial adaptive cellular response to stress stimuli. Mounting evidence suggests a strong correlation between Sirtuins and autophagy, potentially involving cross-regulation and crosstalk. Sirtuin-mediated autophagy plays a crucial regulatory role in some cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, ischemia/reperfusion injury, hypertension, heart failure, diabetic cardiomyopathy, and drug-induced myocardial damage.
  • 286
  • 20 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Role of Oxidative Stress in Acute Kidney Injury
Acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease are among the most common non-communicable diseases in the developed world, with increasing prevalence. Patients with acute kidney injury are at an increased risk of developing chronic kidney disease. One of kidney injury’s most common clinical sequelae is increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Nnew insights into the pathophysiology of renal damage have been made. Oxidative stress is the imbalance favoring the increased generation of ROS and/or reduced body’s innate antioxidant defense mechanisms and is of pivotal importance, not only in the development and progression of kidney disease but also in understanding the enhanced cardiovascular risk in these patients.
  • 187
  • 20 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Unraveling the Wide Spectrum of Melanoma Biomarkers
The use of biomarkers in medicine has become essential in clinical practice in order to help with diagnosis, prognostication and prediction of treatment response. Since Alexander Breslow’s original report on “melanoma and prognostic values of thickness”, providing the first biomarker for melanoma, many promising new biomarkers have followed. These include serum markers, such as lactate dehydrogenase and S100 calcium-binding protein B. However, as our understanding of the DNA mutational profile progresses, new gene targets and proteins have been identified. These include point mutations, such as mutations of the BRAF gene and tumour suppressor gene tP53. At present, only a small number of the available biomarkers are being utilised, but this may soon change as more studies are published. The aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of melanoma biomarkers and their utility for current and, potentially, future clinical practice.
  • 209
  • 20 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Liquid Biopsy Analysis for Glioma Diagnosis
Gliomas are the most common primary tumors within the central nervous system (CNS), known for their significant genetic and epigenetic diversity, difficulties in monitoring, and elevated rates of relapse and mortality. Traditional tissue biopsy has long been the standard method for collecting and analyzing tumor cells, facilitating diagnosis, categorization of tumor subtypes, and prognosis prediction when the tumor's location is confirmed for surgical removal. Nonetheless, this approach is invasive and often challenging, making it unsuitable for routine patient screening, mutation detection, disease monitoring, or therapy resistance assessment. Consequently, a minimally invasive alternative known as liquid biopsy has emerged, providing a simpler means of tumor sampling and continuous monitoring. Liquid biopsy is increasingly recognized as an innovative and preferred method for obtaining rapid insights into potential tumor risk, personalized diagnosis, prognosis, and recurrence assessment.
  • 210
  • 20 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune inflammatory disease that causes demyelination of the white matter of the central nervous system. It is generally accepted that the etiology of MS is multifactorial and believed to be a complex interplay between genetic susceptibility, environmental factors, and infectious agents. 
  • 450
  • 20 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Clozapine for Treating Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia
Clozapine is listed as one of the most effective antipsychotics and has been approved for treating treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS); however, several type A and B adverse reactions, including weight gain, metabolic complications, cardiotoxicity, convulsions, and discontinuation syndromes, exist. The critical mechanisms of clinical efficacy for schizophrenia, TRS, and adverse reactions of clozapine have not been elucidated. The GABA isomer L-β-aminoisobutyric acid (L-BAIBA), a protective myokine in the peripheral organs, was identified as a candidate novel transmission modulator in the central nervous system (CNS). L-BAIBA activates adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signalling in both the peripheral organs and CNS. Activated AMPK signalling in peripheral organs is an established major target for treating insulin-resistant diabetes, whereas activated AMPK signalling in the hypothalamus contributes to the pathophysiology of weight gain and metabolic disturbances. Clozapine increases L-BAIBA synthesis in the hypothalamus. In addition, the various functions of L-BAIBA in the CNS have been elucidated, including as an activator of GABA-B and group-III metabotropic glutamate (III-mGlu) receptors. Considering the expressions of GABA-B and III-mGlu receptors (localised in the presynaptic regions), the activation of GABA-B and III-mGlu receptors can explain the distinct therapeutic advantages of clozapine in schizophrenia or TRS associated with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor disturbance compared with other atypical antipsychotics via the inhibition of the persistent tonic hyperactivation of thalamocortical glutamatergic transmission in the prefrontal cortex. L-BAIBA has also been identified as a gliotransmitter, and a detailed exploration of the function of L-BAIBA in tripartite synaptic transmission can further elucidate the pathophysiology of effectiveness for treating TRS and/or specific adverse reactions of clozapine.
  • 262
  • 20 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Microvascular Disease in Heart and Brain by MRI
Microvascular disease (small vessel disease), affecting the small arteries, arterioles, capillaries, and venules of the heart and brain, presents a significant burden on patients and healthcare systems with costs totalling billions each year. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) are complex conditions that present significant ongoing challenges in both diagnosis and treatment. 
  • 239
  • 19 Sep 2023
Topic Review
CircRNAs in Liver Fibrosis
Liver fibrosis represents the reversible pathological process with the feature of the over-accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins within the liver, which results in the deposition of fibrotic tissues and liver dysfunction. Circular noncoding RNAs (CircRNAs) have the characteristic closed loop structures, which show high resistance to exonuclease RNase, making them far more stable and recalcitrant against degradation. CircRNAs increase target gene levels by playing the role of a microRNA (miRNA) sponge.
  • 218
  • 19 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Radiomics in Clinical Management of Acute Ischemic Stroke
Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is the loss of neurological function due to a sudden reduction in cerebral blood flow and is a leading cause of disability and death worldwide. The field of radiological imaging has experienced growth in recent years, which could be boosted by the advent of artificial intelligence. One of the latest innovations in artificial intelligence is radiomics, which is based on the fact that a large amount of quantitative data can be extracted from radiological images, from which patterns can be identified and associated with specific pathologies. Since its inception, radiomics has been particularly associated with the field of oncology and has shown promising results in a wide range of clinical situations. The performance of radiomics in non-tumour pathologies has been increasingly explored in recent years, and the results continue to be promising. 
  • 364
  • 19 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Alternative Splicing Events in Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The incidence of this cancer continues to rise, especially in developing countries. Alternative splicing is a normal cellular process that results in the generation of proteins with different structures and functions from a single gene. Colorectal cancer can cause dysregulation of alternative splicing processes to promote its development and growth until it spreads. Dysregulated alternative splicing processes have been shown to promote cancer survival by producing proteins that activate genes known to promote cancer development or deactivate those that inhibit cancer development.
  • 146
  • 19 Sep 2023
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