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Topic Review
Endoscopy on Reducing and Preventing Musculoskeletal Injuries
Gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy forms an important part of the daily practice of a gastroenterologist. Its use and applicability nowadays shift from diagnostic to therapeutic fields, and it forms a significant part of the workload of the GI practitioner. Ergonomics in GI endoscopy plays an important role in occupational injury prevention. Due to a higher volume of procedures, the problem with musculoskeletal injuries is becoming bigger and everyday more present among fellow gastroenterologists.
  • 238
  • 22 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Deep Learning-Based Data-Centric Approach for ASD Diagnosis
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurological disorder that severely impairs the communication skills necessary for regular living. Most people with autism have mild difficulties but occasionally severe ones that necessitate specialized care. The accurate and early diagnosis of ASD is crucial for facilitating timely intervention and providing individualized care for affected individuals. Rapid advances in deep learning techniques have ushered in a new era of medical image analysis, particularly in the context of ASD detection using facial images.
  • 269
  • 22 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Antimicrobial Peptides as a Solution for Atopic Dermatitis
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder that is the result of various environmental, bacterial and genetic stimuli, which culminate in the disruption of the skin’s barrier function. Characterized by highly pruritic skin lesions, xerosis and an array of comorbidities among which skin infections are the most common, this condition results in both a significant loss of quality of life and in the need for life-long treatments (e.g., corticosteroids, monoclonal antibodies and regular antibiotic intake), all of which may have harmful secondary effects. This, in conjunction with AD’s rising prevalence, made the development of alternative treatment strategies the focus of both the scientific community and the pharmaceutical industry. Given their potential to both manage the skin microbiome, fight infections and even modulate the local immune response, the use of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) from more diverse origins has become one of the most promising alternative solutions for AD management, with some being already used with some success towards this end.
  • 278
  • 22 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Gut Microbiota for Atherosclerosis Disease
The increasing number of studies on the relationship between the gut microbiota and atherosclerosis have led to significant interest in this subject. The gut microbiota, its metabolites (metabolome), such as TMAO, and gut dysbiosis play an important role in the development of atherosclerosis. Furthermore, inflammation, originating from the intestinal tract, adds yet another mechanism by which the human ecosystem is disrupted, resulting in the manifestation of metabolic diseases and, by extension, cardiovascular diseases. 
  • 367
  • 22 Sep 2023
Topic Review
CCR5 in Breast Cancer
The G-protein-coupled receptor C-C chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) functions as a co-receptor for the entry of HIV into immune cells. CCR5 binds promiscuously to a diverse array of ligands initiating cell signaling that includes guided migration. Although well known to be expressed on immune cells, recent studies have shown the induction of CCR5 on the surface of breast cancer epithelial cells. The function of CCR5 on breast cancer epithelial cells includes the induction of aberrant cell survival signaling and tropism towards chemo attractants. As CCR5 is not expressed on normal epithelium, the receptor provides a potential useful target for therapy. Inhibitors of CCR5 (CCR5i), either small molecules (maraviroc, vicriviroc) or humanized monoclonal antibodies (leronlimab) have shown anti-tumor and anti-metastatic properties in preclinical studies.
  • 261
  • 22 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Pathophysiological Implications of Interstitial Cajal-like Cells in Uterus
The main function of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) is to regulate gastrointestinal peristalsis by acting as a “pacemaker” cell by generating spontaneous slow electrical waves. In 2005, electron microscopy revealed a cell type similar to ICCs (ICC-like) outside the gastrointestinal tract, with contractile activity and c-Kit+ immunohistochemistry shared with ICCs. Among the locations where ICC-like cells have been observed, it is in the uterus where they have a significant functional and pathophysiological role. These cells are involved in obstetric phenomena of contractile action, such as ascending sperm transport, embryo implantation, pregnancy, delivery, and the expulsion of menstrual debris. 
  • 299
  • 22 Sep 2023
Topic Review
CD133 as a Functional Unit in Glioblastoma
Biomarkers for resistance in Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are lacking, and progress in the clinic has been slow to arrive. CD133 (prominin-1) is a membrane-bound glycoprotein on the surface of cancer stem cells (CSCs) that has been associated with poor prognosis, therapy resistance, and tumor recurrence in GBM. Due to its connection to CSCs, to which tumor resistance and recurrence have been partially attributed in GBM, there is a growing field of research revolving around the potential role of CD133 in each of these processes. However, despite encouraging results in vitro and in vivo, the biological interplay of CD133 with these components is still unclear, causing a lack of clinical application. In parallel, omic data from biospecimens that include CD133 are beginning to emerge, increasing the importance of understanding CD133 for the effective use of these highly dimensional data sets. Given the significant mechanistic overlap, prioritization of the most robust findings is necessary to optimize the transition of CD133 to clinical applications using patient-derived biospecimens. 
  • 229
  • 22 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes Associated with OSA in Diabetics
There is significant pathogenic and epidemiological overlap between diabetes and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).  There may be a possible association between OSA and diabetes and their impact on cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Identifying and managing OSA in individuals with diabetes at an early phase could potentially reduce the risk of CVDs and its related complications.
  • 257
  • 22 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Systemic Treatment Strategies in Early HER2-Positive Breast Cancer
HER2-positive breast cancer (BC) is associated with an aggressive clinicopathological nature and is known to have a poor prognosis. Their tumor proliferation features can lead to visceral metastasis disseminating to the brain, liver, lung, and bone. Delivering standard chemotherapy HER2 blockers is strongly associated with better outcomes and can help increase the suitability for breast-conserving surgery. It is crucial to identify patients who should be selected for systemic cancer treatment before or after surgery and to decide the most appropriate option in each case. 
  • 201
  • 22 Sep 2023
Topic Review
PARP Inhibitors in Ovarian Cancer
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors are a novel class of therapeutic agents that target tumors with deficiencies in the homologous recombination DNA repair pathway. Genomic instability characterizes high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC), with one half of all tumors displaying defects in the important DNA repair pathway of homologous recombination. Early studies have shown significant efficacy for PARP inhibitors in patients with germline breast related cancer antigens 1 and 2 (BRCA1/2) mutations. It has also become evident that BRCA wild-type patients with other defects in the homologous recombination repair pathway benefit from this treatment. Companion homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) scores are being developed to guide the selection of patients that are most likely to benefit from PARP inhibition. The choice of which PARP inhibitor is mainly based upon the number of prior therapies and the presence of a BRCA mutation or HRD. The identification of patients most likely to benefit from PARP inhibitor therapy in view of HRD and other biomarker assessments is still challenging. The aim of this review is to describe the current evidence for PARP inhibitors in ovarian cancer, their mechanism of action, and the outstanding issues, including the rate of long-term toxicities and the evolution of resistance.
  • 206
  • 22 Sep 2023
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