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Topic Review
Prevention and Treatment of Preeclampsia
Preeclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy-specific disorder affecting 4–10% of all expectant women. It greatly increases the risk of maternal and foetal death. Although the main symptoms generally appear after week 20 of gestation, scientific studies indicate that the mechanism underpinning PE is initiated at the beginning of gestation. It is known that the pathomechanism of preeclampsia is strongly related to inflammation and oxidative stress, which influence placentation and provoke endothelial dysfunction in the mother.
  • 246
  • 18 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Assessment of Oxidative Stress in Neonatal Brain Damage
Oxidative stress (OS) constitutes a pivotal factor within the mechanisms underlying brain damage, for which the immature brain is particularly vulnerable. This vulnerability is caused by the abundance of immature oligodendrocytes in the immature brain, which are highly susceptible to OS-induced harm. Consequently, any injurious process involving OS within the immature brain can lead to long-term myelination impairment. Among the detrimental repercussions of OS, protein carbonylation stands out as a prominently deleterious consequence. Noteworthy elevation of protein carbonylation is observable across diverse models of neonatal brain injury, following both diffuse and focal hypoxic–ischemic insults, as well as intraventricular hemorrhage, in diverse animal species encompassing rodents and larger mammals, and at varying stages of brain development. In the immature brain, protein carbonylation manifests as a byproduct of reactive nitrogen species, bearing profound implications for cell injury, particularly in terms of inflammation amplification. Moreover, protein carbonylation appears as a therapeutic target for mitigating neonatal brain damage. The administration of a potent antioxidant, such as cannabidiol, yields substantial neuroprotective effects. 
  • 239
  • 18 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Prostate Cancer Microvascular Routes
Angiogenesis is acknowledged as a pivotal feature in the pathology of human cancer. Despite the absence of universally accepted markers for gauging the comprehensive angiogenic activity in prostate cancer (PCa) that could steer the formulation of focused anti-angiogenic treatments, the scrutiny of diverse facets of tumoral blood vessel development may furnish significant understanding of angiogenic processes.
  • 213
  • 18 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Radiopharmaceutical Applications of 64Cu Isotope
Cancer theragnostics is a novel approach that combines diagnostic imaging and radionuclide therapy. It is based on the use of a pair of radiopharmaceuticals, one optimized for positron emission tomography imaging through linkage to a proper radionuclide, and the other bearing an alpha- or beta-emitter isotope that can induce significant damage to cancer cells. The 64Cu isotope has been proposed as an effective metallic radionuclide for the development of theragnostic radiopharmaceuticals. 64CuCl2 is a promising agent for different types of tumors, including prostate cancer and glioblastoma. 
  • 204
  • 18 Oct 2023
Topic Review
The Treament of Allergic Rhinitis in Children
Although it is commonly under-diagnosed and under-treated, it causes important social and economic effects (diminished quality of life, poor academic performance, escalated medical visits, heightened medication usage, and effects in other chronic conditions, e.g., asthma).The classification of allergic rhinitis hinges upon its nature and chronic distribution (seasonal or perennial) and its intensity, which spans from mild to moderate and severe. The diagnostic process primarily relies upon recognizing key clinical indicators, evaluating historical records, and considering risk factors.  The treatment of allergic rhinitis in children is mainly chronic and is focused on allergen exposure prevention, drug therapy, and immunotherapy in severe cases. Treatment of allergic rhinitis is complex and multi-dimensional, requiring an effective approach by a specialized group of specialized pediatricians, and is severely affected by the concurrent presence or development of other diseases in the spectrum of allergic diseases (conjunctivitis, asthma).
  • 176
  • 18 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Folic Acid in Maternal, Perinatal, and Paediatric Health
Folates refer to a class of B9 vitamers with a basic structure composed of heterocyclic pteridine moiety covalently linked via a C9-N10 methylene bridge to p-aminobenzoylglutamate. Auxotrophic primates like human beings rely on exogenous dietary vitamin B9 supplementation to meet their metabolic demands. Folates play a crucial role in nucleotide synthesis and DNA methylation. Maternal folate deficiency causes several pregnancy-related complications, perinatal defects, and early childhood cognitive impairments.
  • 183
  • 18 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Limb Salvage and Survival in Chronic Limb-Threatening Ischemia
Chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) represents the end-stage form of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and is associated with a very poor prognosis and high risk of limb loss and mortality. It can be considered very similar to a terminal cancer disease, reflecting a large impact on quality of life and healthcare costs.
  • 257
  • 18 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Second-Generation Lipophosphonoxins and Their Applications
Lipophosphonoxins (LPPOs) represent a new group of membrane-targeting antibiotics. Three generations of LPPOs have been described: First-generation LPPOs, second-generation LPPOs, and LEGO-LPPOs. All three generations have a similar mode of bactericidal action of targeting and disrupting the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane of prokaryotic cells, with limited effect on eukaryotic cells. Second-generation LPPOs broaden the antibiotic effect also against Gram-negative bacteria. However, both first- and second-generation LPPOs lose their antibacterial activity in the presence of serum albumin. Second-generation LPPOs have been studied as antimicrobial additives in bone cement and as nanofiber dressing components in the treatment of wound infections in mice. 
  • 154
  • 18 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Antimicrobial Stewardship in Emergency Department
Despite the demonstrated effectiveness of antimicrobial stewardship programs in antibiotic consumption and minimizing multi-drug-resistant bacterium development, the characteristics of emergency departments pose a challenge to their implementation. The inclusion of rapid diagnostic tests, tracking microbiological results upon discharge, conducting audits with feedback, and implementing multimodal educational interventions have proven to be effective tools for optimizing antibiotic use in these units.
  • 269
  • 18 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Use of 3D Spheroid Models in Different Cancers
Advanced tissue engineering processes and regenerative medicine provide modern strategies for fabricating three-dimensional (3D) spheroids. Several different 3D cancer models are being developed to study a variety of cancers. Three-dimensional spheroids can correctly replicate some features of solid tumors (such as the secretion of soluble mediators, drug resistance mechanisms, gene expression patterns and physiological responses) better than 2D cell cultures or animal models. Tumor spheroids are also helpful for precisely reproducing the three-dimensional organization and microenvironmental factors of tumors. Because of these unique properties, the potential of 3D cell aggregates has been emphasized, and they have been utilized in in vitro models for the detection of novel anticancer drugs. 
  • 247
  • 18 Oct 2023
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