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Topic Review
NLRP3 Inflammasome in Inflammatory Eye Diseases Treatment
Due to their potent immunoregulatory and angio-modulatory properties, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their exosomes (MSC-Exos) have emerged as potential game-changers in regenerative ophthalmology, particularly for the personalized treatment of inflammatory diseases. NLRP3 inflammasome, composed of Nod-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3), apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase activation and recruitment domain (CARD) (ASC), and pro-caspase-1 is dysregulated in almost all inflammatory eye disease. Accordingly, a large number of experimental findings suggested that this multi-protein complex could be considered an important intracellular target for MSC-based therapy of inflammatory eye disorders.
  • 142
  • 20 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Microbiome and Protein Carbamylation in Chronic Kidney Disease
In chronic kidney disease (CKD), metabolic derangements resulting from the interplay between decreasing renal excretory capacity and impaired gut function contribute to accelerating disease progression and enhancing the risk of complications. To protect residual kidney function and improve quality of life in conservatively managed predialysis CKD patients, current guidelines recommend protein-restricted diets supplemented with essential amino acids (EAAs) and their ketoanalogues (KAs). In clinical studies, such an approach improved nitrogen balance and other secondary metabolic disturbances, translating to clinical benefits, mainly the delayed initiation of dialysis. There is also increasing evidence that a protein-restricted diet supplemented with KAs slows down disease progression. 
  • 216
  • 20 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Managing Persistent Subsolid Nodules in Lung Cancer
With the popularization of lung cancer screening, many persistent subsolid nodules (SSNs) have been identified clinically, especially in Asian non-smokers. 
  • 206
  • 20 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Angiogenic Growth Factors in Immunosuppression and Immune Escape
Angiogenesis is seen as the process that mediates new blood vessel formation and capillaries, an essential process allowing for the exchange of nutrients throughout the body. Angiogenic growth factors (AFs) influence both innate and adaptive immune cell populations within the tumor microenvironment (TME) to create a more tolerogenic milieu. Myeloid regulatory cells such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), type 2 natural killer T (NKT) cells, and regulatory T-cells (Tregs) are the primary cells types that contribute to immune escape and immunosuppression within the tumor microenvironment.
  • 199
  • 19 Oct 2023
Topic Review
C-Arm-Free Minimally Invasive Technique for Spinal Surgery
C-arm-free MIS techniques can offer significantly reduced rates of postoperative complications such as inadequate decompression, blood loss, and instrumentation misplacement. Another advantageous long-term aspect is the notably diminished exposure to radiation, which is known to cause malignant changes. 
  • 367
  • 19 Oct 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Intraocular Pressure during Spaceflight and Risk of Glaucomatous Damage in Prolonged Microgravity
Microgravity introduces diverse pathological and various physiological changes to the human body, including intraocular pressure. Astronauts may develop a constellation of symptoms and signs including optic disc edema, choroidal folds, and a hyperopic shift from the flattening of the globe. These ocular findings have been collectively termed spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS). SANS is a condition that is unique to long-duration spaceflight. The precise pathogenesis of SANS remains ill-defined, but several hypotheses have been proposed that may be influenced by intraocular pressure. Countermeasures for SANS research also include techniques that impact intraocular pressure. In this article, we discuss intraocular pressure during spaceflight, the translaminar pressure gradient, SANS and potential SANS countermeasures, and the potential for glaucomatous damage during spaceflight.
  • 2.6K
  • 19 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Risk Factors Associated with IAs in Subarachnoid Hemorrhages
An subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is the predominant initial sign of cerebral aneurysms in both adults and kids. In children, the incidence of an SAH varies between 1.9% and 4.6%. The growing detection of SAHs in children can probably be attributed to better diagnostic tools and heightened clinical vigilance.
  • 164
  • 19 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Sweeteners and Gut Microbiome
Worldwide, the demand for natural and synthetic sweeteners in the food industry as an alternative to refined sugar is increasing. This has prompted more research to be conducted to estimate its safety and effects on health. The gut microbiome is critical in metabolizing selected sweeteners which might affect overall health. Recently, more studies have evaluated the relationship between sweeteners and the gut microbiome.
  • 393
  • 19 Oct 2023
Topic Review
The Ca2+ Sensor STIM in Human Diseases
The STIM family of proteins plays a crucial role in a plethora of cellular functions through the regulation of store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) and, thus, intracellular calcium homeostasis. The two members of the mammalian STIM family, STIM1 and STIM2, are transmembrane proteins that act as Ca2+ sensors in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and, upon Ca2+ store discharge, interact with and activate the Orai/CRACs in the plasma membrane. Dysregulation of Ca2+ signaling leads to the pathogenesis of a variety of human diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and immune disorders. 
  • 309
  • 19 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Primary Hemostasis Disorders in Women of Reproductive Age
Heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) is a common clinical condition affecting adolescent and adult women and compromising their quality of life. Primary hemostasis disorders, affecting platelet plug formation, can be the underlying cause of HMB. They comprise a heterogeneous group of diseases with Von Willebrand disease (VWD) being the most commonly diagnosed; other disorders in this group that have been linked to HMB include (a) Glanzmann thrombasthenia, (b) Bernard–Soulier syndrome, (c) Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome, (d) immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), and (e) Ehlers–Danlos syndromes (EDS) and hypermobility spectrum disorders (HSD). Diagnosing these diseases can be challenging, as the basic laboratory investigations can be within the normal range.
  • 393
  • 19 Oct 2023
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