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Topic Review
Sialic Acids in Cancer
The aberrant sialylation of membrane glycocalyx plays a pivotal role in the regulation of malignant cell behavior and correlates with a worse prognosis and shorter overall survival for patients. The biological and physical properties of sialome determine the negative charge and high hydrophilicity of cell membranes and thereby regulate cell–cell and cell–extracellular matrix interactions. There is increasing evidence that sialic acids influence cellular susceptibility in therapeutic management.
  • 403
  • 03 Nov 2023
Topic Review
cGAS-STING Activation
The cGAS-STING cellular signaling pathway is a key member of the DNA damage response, whose role is to repair the DNA damage that occurs naturally during the life of a cell. Interestingly, cGAS-STING is known to promote immune responses against tumors, and is being explored for its potential use in cancer immunotherapy applications.
  • 173
  • 03 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Regulation of OAT1 and OAT3 Expression and Activity
Organic anion transporters 1 and 3 (OAT1 and OAT3) play a crucial role in kidney function by regulating the secretion of multiple renally cleared small molecules and toxic metabolic by-products. Assessing the activity of these transporters is essential for drug development purposes as they can significantly impact drug disposition and safety. OAT1 and OAT3 are amongst the most abundant drug transporters expressed in human renal proximal tubules. However, their expression is lost when cells are isolated and cultured in vitro, which is a persistent issue across all human and animal renal proximal tubule cell models, including primary cells and cell lines. Although it is well known that the overall expression of drug transporters is affected in vitro, the underlying reasons for the loss of OAT1 and OAT3 are still not fully understood. 
  • 135
  • 03 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2-Induced Neurological Damage
COVID-19 patients can exhibit a wide range of clinical manifestations affecting various organs and systems. Neurological symptoms have been reported in COVID-19 patients, both during the acute phase of the illness and in cases of long-term COVID. Moderate symptoms include ageusia, anosmia, altered mental status, and cognitive impairment, and in more severe cases can manifest as ischemic cerebrovascular disease and encephalitis.
  • 217
  • 03 Nov 2023
Topic Review
The Liver in Heart Failure
Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome due to heart dysfunction, but in which other organs are also involved, resulting in a complex multisystemic disease, burdened with high mortality and morbidity. This article focuses on the mutual relationship between the heart and liver in HF patients. Any cause of right heart failure can cause hepatic congestion, with important prognostic significance. Cardiac biomarkers have been studied extensively in cardiology as a non-invasive diagnostic and monitoring tool for HF. However, their usefulness in assessing liver congestion in HF patients is still being researched. On the other hand, several prognostic scores based on liver biomarkers in patients with HF have been proposed in recent years, recognizing the important burden that liver involvement has in HF.
  • 358
  • 03 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Cancer and Pregnancy in Post-Roe v. Wade Era
Cancer during pregnancy, affecting 1 in 1000 pregnancies, is rising in incidence due to delayed childbearing and improved detection. Common types include breast cancer, melanoma and cervical cancer and Hodgkin’s Lymphoma. There are several physiological changes that occur during pregnancy that make its management a challenge to clinicians. Managing it requires multidisciplinary approaches and cautious test interpretation due to overlapping symptoms. To minimize fetal radiation exposure, non-ionizing imaging is preferred, and the interpretation of tumor markers is challenging due to inflammation and pregnancy effects.
  • 331
  • 03 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Disorders Associated with Mast Cell Activation and Nomenclature
Mast cells (MCs), as multifunctional immune cells, orchestrate the typical allergic conditions wherein the activation of these cells by allergens, including pollen, food, medication, and the venom of stinging insects, leads to the degranulation and elaboration of the inflammatory mediators responsible for regulating the acute dramatic inflammatory response. Anaphylaxis, mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS), and mastocytosis are interrelated yet distinct conditions within the spectrum of mast cell activation disorders.
  • 220
  • 03 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Radiomics in Gynaecological Imaging
Radiomics is an emerging field of research based on extracting mathematical descriptive features from medical images with the aim of improving diagnostic performance and providing increasing support to clinical decisions. A number of studies have been published regarding different possible applications of radiomics in gynaecological imaging. Many fields have been explored, such as tumour diagnosis and staging, differentiation of histological subtypes, assessment of distant metastases, prediction of response to therapy, recurrence, and patients’ outcome. 
  • 128
  • 03 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Exhaled Nitric Oxide in Type 2 Diseases
Nitric oxide (NO) is a short-lived gas molecule which has been studied for its role as a signaling molecule in the vasculature and later, in a broader view, as a cellular messenger in many other biological processes such as immunity and inflammation, cell survival, apoptosis, and aging. Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) is a convenient, easy-to-obtain, and non-invasive method for assessing active, mainly Th2-driven, airway inflammation, which is sensitive to treatment with standard anti-inflammatory therapy. Consequently, FeNO serves as a valued tool to aid the diagnosis and monitoring of several asthma phenotypes. FeNO has been evaluated in several other respiratory and/or immunological conditions, including allergic rhinitis, chronic rhinosinusitis with/without nasal polyps, atopic dermatitis, eosinophilic esophagitis, and food allergy.
  • 202
  • 02 Nov 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Physical Properties of Helium and Application in Respiratory Care
Helium is a low-density, inert, monoatomic gas that is widely used in medical applications. In respiratory care, Helium is mainly used as an adjunct therapy for patients with severe upper airway obstruction and asthma. To better understand the action mechanism of helium, the physical properties of several therapeutic gas mixtures with helium are calculated using kinetic theory. Flow in a simplified lung airways model is also shown to support the discussion of helium’s respiratory benefits, including reduced work of breathing.
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  • 02 Nov 2023
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