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Topic Review
Vasopressin in Sepsis and Other Shock States
Septic shock is defined by the need for vasopressors to correct hypotension and lactic acidosis secondary to infection, with a high mortality rate. The Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines recommend vasopressin as a second-line vasopressor, added to norepinephrine. 
  • 377
  • 07 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Activity-Based Therapies in Stroke Neurorehabilitation
Activity-based therapies are the key component of stroke neurorehabilitation. The principle of these therapies is to provide structuralized activities with adequate quantity and quality to induce plasticity for recovery. However, there are many challenges in clinical and research settings, including a lack of standardization, limited dose and intensity, and variability of responders. While the therapies with favorable plasticity use high intensity in animal studies with a range of 300–800 repetitions, achieving similar intensity in clinical settings has been challenging. 
  • 193
  • 07 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Complex Pharmacological Properties of Non-Selective Opioid Modulator Buprenorphine
Buprenorphine has high affinity for the mu-opioid receptor (MOR), delta (DOR), and kappa (KOR) and intermediate affinity for the nociceptin (NOR). Buprenorphine’s active metabolite, norbuprenorphine, crosses the blood–brain barrier, is a potent metabolite that attenuates the analgesic effects of buprenorphine due to binding to NOR, and is responsible for the respiratory depressant effects. The area under the concentration curves are very similar for buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine, which indicates that it is important to consider this metabolite. 
  • 334
  • 07 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Cellular Neurobiology of Psychedelics
Psychedelic substances have gained significant attention in recent years for their potential therapeutic effects on various psychiatric disorders.
  • 455
  • 07 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Methicillin-Resistant and Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Strains
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a common pathogen involved in community- and hospital-acquired infections. Its biofilm formation ability predisposes it to device-related infections. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains are associated with more serious infections and higher mortality rates and are more complex in terms of antibiotic resistance.
  • 214
  • 07 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Trauma-Related Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a group of symptoms that result from compression of the neurovascular bundle that exits the thoracic outlet. The thoracic outlet is defined as an anatomical area in the lower neck, extended from the supraclavicular fossa to the axilla, and consists of three main spaces, the interscalene triangle, the costoclavicular, and the subcoracoid space. These confined spaces go through relevant structures, which include the subclavian and axillary arteries, their venous counterparts, and the brachial plexus (BP).
  • 182
  • 07 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Oncolytic Virotherapy for Head and Neck Cancer
Head and neck cancer (HNC) is a significant global health issue, and traditional treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy often have limited success, especially in advanced cases. Oncolytic virotherapy (OVT) offers a new approach.
  • 209
  • 06 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Lupus Anticoagulant Detection under Magnifying Glass
Diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) requires the presence of a clinical criterion (thrombosis and/or pregnancy morbidity), combined with persistently circulating antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). Lupus anticoagulant (LA) is one of the three laboratory parameters (the others being antibodies to either cardiolipin or β2-glycoprotein I) that defines this rare but potentially devastating condition. For the search for aCL and aβ2-GP-I, traditionally measured with immunological solid-phase assays (ELISA), several different assays and detection techniques are available, thus making these tests relatively reliable and widespread. On the other hand, LA detection is based on functional coagulation procedures that are characterized by poor standardization, difficulties in interpreting the results, and interference by several drugs commonly used in the clinical settings in which LA search is appropriate. 
  • 126
  • 06 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Bone Tissue Microenvironment in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most frequent leukemia in Western countries. Although characterized by the progressive expansion and accumulation of leukemic B cells in peripheral blood, CLL cells develop in protective niches mainly located within lymph nodes and bone marrow. Multiple interactions between CLL and microenvironmental cells may favor the expansion of  the malignant B cell clone, further driving immune cells toward an immunosuppressive phenotype. In addition the active crosstalk between leukemic B cells and bone tissue microenvironments may lead to the alteration of bone homeostasis in CLL patients.
  • 289
  • 06 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Nanotechnology-Based Drug Delivery to Control Bacterial-Biofilm-Associated Lung Infections
Airway mucus dysfunction and impaired immunological defenses are hallmarks of several lung diseases, including asthma, cystic fibrosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, and are mostly causative factors in bacterial-biofilm-associated respiratory tract infections. To combat bacterial biofilm in the respiratory tract, researchers have developed various strategies, including a pipeline of new antibiotics, biofilm biomatrix disruption, quorum sensing inhibition, biofilm dispersion promotion, or combinations of these. Among the strategies, nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems have received increasing attention for delivering antibiotics to biofilm sites or enhancing anti-biofilm activity through the nanoparticles themselves. 
  • 347
  • 06 Nov 2023
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