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Topic Review
Exploiting Pharma 4.0 Tools in Non-Biological Complex Drugs
The pharmaceutical industry has entered an era of transformation with the emergence of Pharma 4.0, which leverages cutting-edge technologies in manufacturing processes. These hold tremendous potential for enhancing the overall efficiency, safety, and quality of non-biological complex drugs (NBCDs), a category of pharmaceutical products that pose unique challenges due to their intricate composition and complex manufacturing requirements.
  • 227
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Advancements in Understanding NAFLD
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), recently renamed by an international consensus panel as metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), affects up to 1 billion patients worldwide. This change in nomenclature is in keeping with more recent understanding of this disease and its inherent link to metabolic syndrome.
  • 246
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Emerging Biomarkers in Cutaneous Melanoma
Cutaneous melanoma (CM) is an increasingly significant public health concern. Due to alarming mortality rates and escalating incidence, it is crucial to understand its etiology and identify emerging biomarkers for improved diagnosis and treatment strategies.
  • 235
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Factors Affecting Local Control Following SBRT for Liver Metastases
The utilization of stereotactic body radiation therapy for the treatment of liver metastasis has been widely studied and has demonstrated favorable local control outcomes. However, several predictive factors play a crucial role in the efficacy of stereotactic body radiation therapy, such as the number and size (volume) of metastatic liver lesions, the primary tumor site (histology), molecular biomarkers (e.g., KRAS and TP53 mutation), the use of systemic therapy prior to SBRT, the radiation dose, and the use of advanced technology and organ motion management during stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). These prognostic factors need to be considered when clinical trials are designed to evaluate the efficacy of SBRT for liver metastases.
  • 159
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Predictive and Prognostic Biomarkers in Chronic Kidney Disease
Chronic kidney disease (CKD), defined as the presence of albuminuria and/or reduction in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, is considered a growing public health problem. The implementation of novel biomarkers in clinical practice is crucial, since it could allow earlier diagnosis and lead to an improvement in CKD outcomes.
  • 202
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Bioavailability of Mature miRNAs in Digestive System
The endogenous miRNAs of breast milk are the products of more than 1000 nonprotein-coding genes, giving rise to mature small regulatory molecules of 19–25 nucleotides. They are incorporated in macromolecular complexes, loaded on Argonaute proteins, sequestrated in exosomes and lipid complexes, or present in exfoliated cells of epithelial, endothelial, or immune origins. Their expression is dependent on the stage of lactation; however, their detection depends on progress in RNA sequencing and the reappraisal of the definition of small RNAs. Some miRNAs from plants are detected in breast milk, opening the possibility of the stimulation of immune cells from the allergy repertoire. Each miRNA harbors a seeding sequence, which targets mRNAs, gene promoters, or long noncoding RNAs. Their activities depend on their bioavailability. Efficient doses of miRNAs are estimated to be roughly 100 molecules in the cytoplasm of target cells from in vitro and in vivo experiments. Each miRNA is included in networks of stimulation/inhibition/sequestration, driving the expression of cellular phenotypes. Three types of stress applied during lactation to manipulate miRNA supply were explored using rodent offspring: a foster mother, a cafeteria diet, and early weaning.
  • 242
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Blood-Based Biomarkers in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
It is estimated that 90% of brain injuries fall into the category of mild traumatic brain injury (TBI). Mild TBI and concussion can have heterogeneous symptoms and serious consequences that develop over time with unpredictable levels of recovery. The diagnosis may not be made for multiple reasons, including due to patient hesitancy to undergo neuroimaging and inability of imaging to detect minimal damage. Biomarkers of nerve damage measured in blood plasma are increasingly promising as the sensitivity and accuracy of quantification improves. These biomarkers could fill the gap, making detection, diagnosis and prognosis easier and more precise, but the time needed to send blood to a laboratory for analysis made this impractical until point-of-care measurement became available. A handheld blood test is now on the market for diagnosis of concussion based on the specific blood biomarkers glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ubiquitin carboxyl terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1). Other blood biomarker assays are in development. 
  • 381
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Biomarkers for Immunotherapy in Driver-Gene-Negative Advanced NSCLC
Outcome improvement in patients with driver-gene-negative advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has been significantly enhanced through targeting the immune system, specifically the PD-L1/PD-1 axis. Nevertheless, only a subset of patients with advanced NSCLC may derive benefits from immuno-monotherapy or immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy. Hence, in order to identify patients who will gain the maximum advantage from immunotherapy, it is crucial to investigate predictive biomarkers.
  • 130
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Effects of Exercise on Vascular Health
Accelerated biological vascular ageing is still a major driver of the increasing burden of cardiovascular disease and mortality. Exercise training delays this process, known as early vascular ageing, but often lacks effectiveness due to a lack of understanding of molecular and clinical adaptations to specific stimuli. 
  • 174
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Novel Technologies in the Assessment of Patellofemoral Pain
Patellofemoral pain (PFP) is a common clinical condition especially in the young active population. It refers to pain during activities behind or around the patella and has a gradual onset with increased frequency or duration. The literature for PFP reports concerns for the high incidence, prevalence numbers, disability levels, and poor prognosis. 
  • 156
  • 13 Nov 2023
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