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Topic Review
Nrf2 and Alzheimer’s Disease
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is an important transcription factor that reduces oxidative stress. When reactive oxygen species (ROS) or reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are detected, Nrf2 translocates from the cytoplasm into the nucleus and binds to the antioxidant response element (ARE), which regulates the expression of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory genes. Nrf2 impairments are observed in the majority of neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The classic hallmarks of AD include β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Oxidative stress is observed early in AD and is a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of AD. The nuclear translocation of Nrf2 is impaired in AD compared to controls. Increased oxidative stress is associated with impaired memory and synaptic plasticity. The administration of Nrf2 activators reverses memory and synaptic plasticity impairments in rodent models of AD. Therefore, Nrf2 activators are a potential novel therapeutic for neurodegenerative disorders including AD. 
  • 1.0K
  • 10 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are a family of 22 cell-signaling proteins of extracellular origin, generally released upon tissue injury, which act as systemic or locally circulating molecules capable of activating tyrosine-kinase receptors.
  • 1.0K
  • 02 Feb 2021
Topic Review
TILs in rabbit mammary carcinomas
Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are key components of the tumor microenvironment that mediate the anti-tumor immune response. In breast cancer of humans, TILs represent prognostic and predictive biomarkers. For their standardized evaluation in routinely (hematoxylin and eosin) stained tissue sections, international guidelines exist. Recently, TILs have also been analyzed in pet rabbit mammary carcinomas according to these international guidelines. Results of the study on rabbit mammary carcinomas showed a statistically significant association between higher TIL numbers in stromal TIL hotspot areas and microscopic parameters indicative of a better tumor differentiation, i.e. decreased mitotic count, lower histological tumor grade and higher percentage of calponin positive tumor cells. These findings suggest that in rabbit mammary carcinomas TIL hotspot areas may exert an influence on the biological behavior of these tumors. The present study contributes to comparative pathology. In addition, it provides the basis for further investigations into the impact of TILs on clinical parameters of pet rabbit mammary carcinomas.
  • 1.0K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Gastroschisis
The International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Surveillance and Research defines gastroschisis as "a congenital malformation characterized by visceral herniation usually through a right side abdominal wall defect to an intact umbilical cord and not covered by a membrane". Approximately 10% of infants with gastroschisis have intestinal stenosis or atresia resulting from vascular insufficiency due to a volvulus or compression of vascular pedicle by a narrowing abdominal ring.
  • 1.0K
  • 30 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Synthesis of Medicinally Relevant N-Heterocycles
N-heterocycles, both saturated and unsaturated, are ubiquitous biologically active molecules that are extremely appealing scaffolds in drug discovery programs. Although classical synthetic methods have been developed to access many relevant N-heterocyclic scaffolds, representing well-established and reliable routes, some do not meet the needs of sustainability. In this context, several advances have been made towards the sustainable synthesis of N-heterocycles.
  • 1.0K
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Timeline of Plague
This is a timeline of plague, describing major epidemics and key medical developments.
  • 1.0K
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Probiotics and Oral Candidiasis
Oral candidiasis (OC) is an increasing health problem due to the introduction of new drugs, population aging, and increasing prevalence of chronic illness.  The intake of probiotics can have a beneficial effect on OC and that the effects could vary according to the patients’ characteristics.
  • 1.0K
  • 24 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Role of Zinc in Breast Cancer Tumorigenesis
It is well-known that serum and cellular concentrations of zinc are altered in breast cancer patients. Specifically, there are notable zinc hyper-aggregates in breast tumor cells when compared to normal mammary epithelial cells.
  • 1.0K
  • 09 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Curcumin as a Potential Neuroprotective Agent
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a slowly progressive multisystem disorder affecting dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), which is characterized by a decrease of dopamine (DA) in their striatal terminals. A crucial unmet demand in the management of Parkinson’s disease is the discovery of new approaches that could slow down, stop, or reverse the process of neurodegeneration. Novel potential treatments involving natural substances with neuroprotective activities are being developed. Curcumin is a polyphenolic compound isolated from the rhizomes of Curcuma longa (turmeric), and is considered a promising therapeutic and nutraceutical agent for the treatment of PD. However, molecular and cellular mechanisms that mediate the pharmacological actions of curcumin remain largely unknown. Stimulation of nicotinic receptors and, more precisely, selective α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7-nAChR), have been found to play a major modulatory role in the immune system via the “cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway”. Recently, α7-nAChR has been proposed to be a potential therapeutic approach in PD. In this review, the detailed mechanisms of the neuroprotective activities of curcumin as a potential therapeutic agent to help Parkinson’s patients are being discussed and elaborated on in detail.
  • 1.0K
  • 12 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Malnutrition
Malnutrition refers to deficiencies, excesses or imbalances in a person’s intake and/or use of energy and/or nutrients. Malnutrition in the form of undernutrition affects millions of people across the world, especially children living in developing countries. The major cause of malnutrition is inadequate access to food combined with infections causing diarrhoea. Recent advances in our understanding of the gut microbiota have shown a link between dietary intake and gut microbiota that may affect nutritional status; this suggests a potential link between the gut microbiota and malnutrition. Thus, intervention strategies that target the gut microbiota may offer an enhanced approach for combating malnutrition with respect to those traditionally employed (such as treatment with ready-to-use therapeutic food only). 
  • 1.0K
  • 14 Jan 2022
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