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Topic Review
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Management of Atrial Fibrillation
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most prevalent cardiac arrhythmia worldwide and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. It has a global prevalence of approximately 0.51%, increasing to 10–17% in those over age 80. AF is characterised by ectopic depolarisations, which lead to asynchronous atrial contractions and irregular ventricular activity
  • 209
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Glutamate and GABA Dysfunction in Depression
Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is a term used to describe a particular type of major depressive disorder (MDD). There is no consensus about what defines TRD, with various studies describing between 1 and 4 failures of antidepressant therapies, with or without electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). That is why TRD is such a growing concern among clinicians and researchers, and it explains the necessity for investigating novel therapeutic targets beyond conventional monoamine pathways. An imbalance between two primary central nervous system (CNS) neurotransmitters, L-glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), has emerged as having a key role in the pathophysiology of TRD.
  • 396
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Humoral Memory Response to Snakebites in Yanomami Population
Snakebite envenomation (SBE)-induced immunity refers to individuals who have been previously bitten by a snake and developed a protective immune response against subsequent envenomations. The notion stems from observations of individuals, including in the indigenous population, who present only mild signs and symptoms after surviving multiple SBEs. Indeed, these observations have engendered scientific interest and prompted inquiries into the potential development of a protective immunity from exposure to snake toxins.
  • 170
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Global Cardiac Surgery
Cardiac surgery is a modern science in the history of medicine. The impact of cardiac disease, in terms of treatment and prognosis, has made this discipline indispensable to global health. Greatest investment has been dispensed to technological and material improvements to increase life expectancy. This surgery must address different epidemiological aspects dictated by the geography and economic–social conditions of the global populations. 
  • 161
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Virology of Phages and Phage-Resistance in Therapy
Bacteriophages, also known simply as phages, are prokaryotic viruses that exclusively infect and kill bacteria. Phage therapy has been overshadowed in the past by the widespread use of antibiotics in Western countries. However, it has been revitalized as a powerful approach due to the increasing prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Although bacterial resistance to phages has been reported in clinical cases, studies on the fitness trade-offs between phage and antibiotic resistance have revealed new avenues in the field of phage therapy.
  • 253
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Bioelectrical Factors in Skin Would Healing
The skin demonstrates complicated electrical characteristics that involve physiological and physical components in terms of its physical and chemical condition. The electrical features of the skin are of significant importance in bioengineering applications in wound healing given that physical attributes such as impedance and conductance reflect the composition of the skin. Electrical aspects of skin are broadening the spectrum of applications of the technologies for assessing and evaluating skin barrier integrity and the wound-healing process.
  • 460
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Synaptosomes: A Functional Tool for Studying Neuroinflammation
Synaptosomes are subcellular components isolated from nerve terminations that can be prepared by homogenizing brain tissue in isotonic sucrose solution followed by appropriate centrifugation. Their preparation technique has a long history since synaptosomes were first isolated from nerve endings and described by Gray and Whittaker in 1962. The preparation of synaptosomes produces presynaptic boutons alone or in combination with fragments of postsynaptic membranes. Interestingly, synaptosomes contain organelles and vesicles that express native channels, receptors, and transporters. At 37 °C, these isolated nerve endings are metabolically active and synthesize and release neurotransmitters. They are actively used to investigate neurotransmission, its actors, and the mechanisms of neurotransmitter release. To date, many functional and non-functional applications of synaptosomes have been documented. Due to their versatility, synaptosomes have been actively used to study neuroinflammatory processes.
  • 765
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review
T Classification of Lung Cancer
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in men and women in the United States. Accurate staging is needed to determine prognosis and devise effective treatment plans. The International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) has made multiple revisions to the tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) staging system used by the Union for International Cancer Control and the American Joint Committee on Cancer to stage lung cancer. The eighth edition of this staging system includes modifications to the T classification with cut points of 1 cm increments in tumor size, grouping of lung cancers associated with partial or complete lung atelectasis or pneumonitis, grouping of tumors with involvement of a main bronchus regardless of distance from the carina, and upstaging of diaphragmatic invasion to T4. 
  • 171
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence and Lung Cancer
Lung cancer is the second most common cancer in both males and females, with the highest mortality worldwide, causing 21% of total cancer-related deaths. The notion of artificial intelligence (AI) was initially proposed by John McCarthy in 1956. It involves using computer systems and technology to replicate human-like intelligent behavior and critical thinking abilities. In the realm of medicine, AI is divided into two main categories: virtual and physical. The virtual branch is further categorized into machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL).
  • 188
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Cutaneous Metastasis of Endometrial Cancer and Long-Term Survival
The most prevalent gynecologic cancer is endometrial cancer. In 2018, there were 121,600 new cases of this cancer diagnosed in Europe, roughly 6.6% of all malignancies found in women. A total of 29,600 gynecologic-cancer-related deaths are predicted to occur each year, accounting for over 3.5% of all cancer-related deaths.
  • 190
  • 14 Nov 2023
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