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Topic Review
N-back
The n-back task is a continuous performance task that is commonly used as an assessment in psychology and cognitive neuroscience to measure a part of working memory and working memory capacity. The n-back was introduced by Wayne Kirchner in 1958. Some researchers have argued that n-back training may increase IQ, but evidence is mixed.
  • 1.1K
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Magnesium Oxide in Constipation
Magnesium oxide has been widely used as an osmotic laxative for a long time especially in East Asia. 
  • 1.1K
  • 04 Mar 2021
Topic Review
New Psychoactive Substances: Piperazines and Aminoindanes
According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), new psychoactive substances (NPS) are classified as “substances of abuse, either in a pure form or a preparation, that are not controlled by the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs or the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances, but which may pose a public health threat”. Some substances are used as stimulants, in this case, synthetic stimulants include aminoindanes, phenethylamines, piperazines, synthetic cathinones, and tryptamines, of which synthetic cannabinoids and synthetic cathinones are the largest groups. As stimulant drugs, their biological action occurs mainly on the dopamine and serotonin neurotransmitters, and to a lesser extent on epinephrine, which is later responsible for the stimulatory effects of these substances.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Police Use of Force Models
Recent calls for widespread police reform include re-examination of existing training and practice surrounding the use of force (UOF, e.g., verbal and non-verbal communication, physical tactics, firearms). Visual models representing police UOF decision-making are used for both police training and public communication. However, most models have not been empirically developed or assessed in either the applied police or vision science literatures, representing significant gaps in knowledge. Based on a critical appraisal of the visual features of common police UOF models, the current entry concludes with evidence-based recommendations for effective model design that accurately reflects the complexity and dynamism of police UOF decision-making in both police training and public communication contexts. 
  • 1.1K
  • 20 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Achilles Tendon Ossification and Fracture
Achilles Tendinopathy is characterized by pain, swelling, and limited function of the tendon, and may include calcification or ossification. Regardless of the specific pattern, several terms are used to describe calcification/ossification within or surrounding the Achilles Tendon, including Heterotopic Ossification of the Achilles Tendon, Calcifying Tendonitis, Ossified Tendonitis, Calcific Periarthritis, and Apatite Deposition. In contrast to Calcific Tendinitis, Ossific Tendinitis microscopic examination reveals one or more segments of mature lamellar bone formation within the substance of the tendon, either at the insertion or within the body of the tendon.
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Glycosylation of Cancer Extracellular Vesicles
Glycans are major constituents of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Alterations in the glycosylation pathway are a common feature of cancer cells, which gives rise to de novo or increased synthesis of particular glycans. Therefore, glycans and glycoproteins have been widely used in the clinic as both stratification and prognosis cancer biomarkers. Interestingly, several of the tumor-associated glycans have already been identified in cancer EVs, which constitutes valuable sources of cancer biomarkers. Furthermore, glycans have also shown to play a role in EV protein sorting, uptake and tropism. Altogether, the EV glycan signatures hold tremendous potential to be applied into the clinical setting for both biomarker discovery and as therapeutic delivery systems.
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Synthesis of the Coumarin Core
Coumarin compounds are attractive organic compounds with many practical applications. Among them there are compounds with biological activity, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, dyes, and optoelectronic materials. For this reason, enormous and continuous attempts were made to develop new synthetic pathways and protocols to facilitate the key cyclization reaction of heterocyclic ring and its regioselective functionalization. Of the numerous proposed reactions for the preparation of coumarins, those based on transition metal catalysts have been frequently used recently. Such processes as intramolecular and intermolecular hydroarylation of alkenes or alkynes can be mentioned among the most effective reactions proceeding via the activation of the C–H bond. Knowledge about the mechanistic foundations of catalytic processes seems to be of significant importance in order to improve them and simplify the conditions. Direct functionalization of the coumarin skeleton seems to be one of the more difficult tasks in recent times.
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Mar 2022
Topic Review
The Medicinal Properties for FDA-Approved Oximes
Organophosphate (OP) poisoning continues to be a major threat to humans. Oximes represent the most important class in medicinal chemistry, renowned for their widespread applications as OP antidotes, drugs and intermediates for the synthesis of several pharmacological derivatives. Common oxime based reactivators or nerve antidotes include pralidoxime, obidoxime, HI-6, trimedoxime and methoxime, among which pralidoxime is the only FDA-approved drug. Cephalosporins are β-lactam based antibiotics and serve as widely acclaimed tools in fighting bacterial infections. Oxime based cephalosporins have emerged as an important class of drugs with improved efficacy and a broad spectrum of anti-microbial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens.
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is the most common chronic metabolic bone disease. It has been estimated that more than 10 million people in the United States and 200 million men and women worldwide have osteoporosis. Given that the aging population is rapidly increasing in many countries, osteoporosis could become a global challenge with an impact on the quality of life of the affected individuals. Osteoporosis can be defined as a condition characterized by low bone density and increased risk of fractures due to the deterioration of the bone architecture. Thus, the major goal of treatment is to reduce the risk for fractures. There are several treatment options, mostly medications that can control disease progression in risk groups, such as postmenopausal women and elderly men. Recent studies on the basic molecular mechanisms and clinical implications of osteoporosis have identified novel therapeutic targets. Emerging therapies targeting novel disease mechanisms could provide powerful approaches for osteoporosis management in the future. Here, we present current pharmacological options, and discuss emerging therapies targeting novel mechanisms, investigational treatments, and new promising therapeutic approaches. 
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Mechanism of Antibiotics Resistance
Bacterial drug resistance is rapidly developing as one of the greatest threats to human health. Bacteria will adopt corresponding strategies to crack the inhibitory effect of antibiotics according to the antibacterial mechanism of antibiotics, involving the mutation of drug target, secreting hydrolase, and discharging antibiotics out of cells through an efflux pump, etc. Bacteria are found to constantly evolve new resistance mechanisms to antibiotics, including target protective protein, changes in cell morphology, and so on, endowing them with multiple defense systems against antibiotics, leading to the emergence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria and the unavailability of drugs in clinics. 
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Sep 2022
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